Why should a near miss be reported even though no harm occurred?
ASo the nurse involved can be identified and disciplined
BBecause insurance companies require a report for every shift worked
CIt does not need reporting if no one was harmed
DIt helps find and fix system problems before someone is harmed
3.临床护理中等
Which blood results are typical of Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)?
AHigh glucose and high calcium
BLow haemoglobin and high platelets
CHigh sodium and low potassium
DLow sodium and high potassium
4.临床护理困难
A patient has sudden, severe "tearing" chest pain going through to the back and a large difference in blood pressure between the arms. What should be suspected?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房扑动,2:1 传导
2室性自搏心律
3心室颤动
4尖端扭转型室性心动过速
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient with asthma has two inhalers: a corticosteroid and salbutamol (albuterol). Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will carry my salbutamol inhaler with me.”
B“I will use my steroid inhaler when I have a sudden attack.”
C“I will rinse my mouth after using the steroid inhaler.”
D“I will use my steroid inhaler every day, even when I feel well.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
护士应首先将哪位患者上报给快速反应小组?
A一名尿路感染患者,新出现意识模糊,呼吸频率 26 次/分,收缩压 94 mmHg
B一名已知高血压的患者,血压 152/94 mmHg,感觉良好
C一名蜂窝织炎患者,体温 38.1 °C,其余生命体征正常
D一名膝关节手术后的患者,疼痛 6/10,生命体征正常
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
An order reads “Give potassium chloride by IV push.” What should the nurse do?
ANot give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
BGive it slowly by IV push over two minutes while watching the cardiac monitor
CGive half by IV push and the rest later
DDilute it in a small syringe and push it
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名护士给错了患者药物。患者看起来状况良好。首要任务是什么?
A对患者只字不提,以免使其担心
B评估患者并监测药物的影响
C等到本班结束再告诉别人
D先完成事件报告
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
An older adult with chronic kidney disease starts trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for a urinary tract infection. Which electrolyte should be monitored closely?
APotassium, because trimethoprim can raise it
BCalcium, because the drug binds calcium in the gut
CSodium, because the drug causes heavy sodium retention
DChloride, because the drug causes chloride loss
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient on stable digoxin starts amiodarone. A week later, the patient has nausea and visual changes, and the digoxin level is above the range. What is the most likely explanation?
AAmiodarone has raised the digoxin level
BDigoxin has raised the amiodarone level
CThe patient has started a viral illness
DAmiodarone has lowered potassium only
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · 床头抬高约 30–45 度
为什么是这个答案
在喂养期间及之后抬高床头,有助于防止反流和误吸入肺。
答案
A · 床头抬高约 30–45 度
2.护理学基础
答案: D · It helps find and fix system problems before someone is harmed
为什么是这个答案
Near misses show weaknesses in systems, such as confusing packaging or poor checks. Reporting them in a no-blame culture lets the organisation learn and prevent future harm.
答案
D · It helps find and fix system problems before someone is harmed
3.临床护理
答案: D · Low sodium and high potassium
为什么是这个答案
Without aldosterone, the kidneys lose sodium and retain potassium. Patients may also have low blood pressure, low glucose and increased skin pigmentation.
答案
D · Low sodium and high potassium
4.临床护理
答案: B · Aortic dissection
为什么是这个答案
Aortic dissection classically causes abrupt, tearing pain radiating to the back, with unequal arm pulses or pressures. It is a surgical emergency, and thrombolysis must not be given.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 10 个小格
转换
QT = 10 × 0.04 s = 0.4 s
答案
QT = 0.4 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.76 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:非常快,各波群相隔约 6 个小格(约 250 次/分钟)。
2. 节律:快且大致规则,但波群的高度和方向呈重复的纺锤形变化。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:增宽且多形性;波群围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。
解读
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
答案
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · “I will use my steroid inhaler when I have a sudden attack.”
为什么是这个答案
Inhaled corticosteroids reduce inflammation over time and do not relieve an acute attack. Salbutamol (albuterol) is the quick-relief inhaler; rinsing after steroids helps prevent oral thrush.
答案
B · “I will use my steroid inhaler when I have a sudden attack.”
答案: A · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
为什么是这个答案
Potassium chloride given by IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias and arrest. It is only given diluted by controlled infusion, so the nurse does not give it and contacts the prescriber.
答案
A · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
Amiodarone reduces digoxin clearance, so the level can rise significantly, and the digoxin dose is often reduced when amiodarone is started. Nausea and visual changes are classic signs of digoxin toxicity.