II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1室性自搏心律
2二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4起搏心律,夺获失败
13.优先排序与委派中等
Which finding is an early sign of compartment syndrome in a patient with a lower leg fracture?
AMild bruising around the fracture site on the second day
BItching under the cast during the first week after it was applied
CPain out of proportion to the injury that worsens when the toes are stretched
DA strong pedal pulse with warm, pink toes and pain that settles with analgesia
14.优先排序与委派困难
Before surgery, a nurse is asked to witness a patient’s consent. The patient was given a sedative 30 minutes ago. What should the nurse do?
AWitness it and write “sedated” beside the signature
BAsk a family member to sign on the patient’s behalf
CNot witness the consent and inform the surgeon
DWitness it quickly before the sedative takes full effect
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Which kitchen practice helps prevent scald burns in young children?
AHold the child while drinking a hot drink
BLeave hot drinks at the edge of the table
CLet the child stand on a chair beside the stove
DTurn pot handles toward the back of the stove
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
In START triage, a casualty cannot walk and is breathing 36 times a minute. Which category applies?
AYellow (delayed)
BBlack (expectant or dead)
CGreen (minor)
DRed (immediate)
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient has a calcium of 11.8 mg/dL (2.95 mmol/L) from bone metastases. Which nursing measure is appropriate?
AEncourage fluids and mobility as tolerated
BEncourage bed rest and limit oral fluids
COffer extra milk and cheese at each meal
DGive calcium carbonate antacids for nausea
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名心力衰竭患者入院时 BNP 很高,在利尿治疗后正在下降。这最可能说明什么?
A心脏的牵拉减轻,与病情改善相符
B利尿剂引起新的肾衰竭
C必须立即停用利尿剂
D心力衰竭加重,需要更多液体
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · On the patient's left side, close to the bed
为什么是这个答案
Placing the chair on the strong side lets the patient pivot and bear weight on the stronger leg, making the transfer safer.
答案
C · On the patient's left side, close to the bed
2.护理学基础
答案: C · A patient with diabetes who is sweaty and shaky with a glucose of 2.9 mmol/L (52 mg/dL)
为什么是这个答案
Hypoglycaemia can quickly lead to unconsciousness and seizures and needs immediate treatment. The other patients' needs are important but can wait a few minutes.
答案
C · A patient with diabetes who is sweaty and shaky with a glucose of 2.9 mmol/L (52 mg/dL)
3.临床护理
答案: D · Fever, rigors and loin pain
为什么是这个答案
Pyelonephritis is an upper urinary tract infection and causes systemic signs such as fever and rigors, with flank pain. Cystitis usually causes local symptoms such as dysuria and frequency.
答案
D · Fever, rigors and loin pain
4.临床护理
答案: A · "I can take aspirin if I get a headache."
为什么是这个答案
Aspirin and other NSAIDs increase the bleeding risk with warfarin, so patients should ask before taking any new medicine. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is usually the safer choice for simple pain.
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 151/1.66² = 54.8 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
166 cm/2.54 = 65.35 in
IBW = 50 + 2.3·(65.35 − 60) = 62.31 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 40 或以上:每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。
P = 2.5·62.31 = 155.8 ≈ 156 g/天
答案
P = 156 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QTc = 0.448 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10.5 × 0.04 = 0.42 s
RR = 22 × 0.04 = 0.88 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.42/√0.88 = 0.42/0.9381 = 0.448 s
答案
QTc = 0.448 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(448 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 起搏心律,夺获失败
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
答案: C · Pain out of proportion to the injury that worsens when the toes are stretched
为什么是这个答案
The earliest sign is severe pain that is not relieved by usual analgesia and worsens on passive stretch. Loss of pulse is a late sign, so the nurse reports pain early.
答案
C · Pain out of proportion to the injury that worsens when the toes are stretched
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Not witness the consent and inform the surgeon
为什么是这个答案
Valid consent requires a patient who can understand and decide. After a sedative this may not be possible, so the nurse does not witness it and informs the surgeon, who is responsible for obtaining consent.
答案
C · Not witness the consent and inform the surgeon
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
为什么是这个答案
Scalds from hot liquids are common childhood burns. Turning pot handles inward, using back burners and keeping hot drinks out of reach reduce the risk.
答案
D · Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Red (immediate)
为什么是这个答案
In START, a non-walking casualty who is breathing more than 30 times a minute is tagged red, immediate. Fast breathing suggests a serious problem that needs urgent treatment.
答案
D · Red (immediate)
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Encourage fluids and mobility as tolerated
为什么是这个答案
Hydration helps the kidneys excrete calcium and prevents stones, and weight-bearing mobility slows calcium loss from bone. Calcium-containing foods and antacids are not encouraged. The nurse also monitors for confusion, constipation and arrhythmias.核对依据:Hypercalcemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)