答案: C · Before antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them
为什么是这个答案
Taking cultures first gives the best chance of identifying the organism. They are collected with strict asepsis, but antibiotics must not be delayed in sepsis.
答案
C · Before antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them
2.护理学基础
答案: A · "I'll take the gown off at home after I leave the hospital."
为什么是这个答案
PPE is removed in or at the door of the patient's room and disposed of there, followed by hand hygiene. Wearing it out of the room spreads the organism.
答案
A · "I'll take the gown off at home after I leave the hospital."
3.临床护理
答案: B · Tell staff about the pacemaker before any MRI scan or procedure
为什么是这个答案
Patients carry a device card and tell staff before MRI, surgery with diathermy or similar procedures. Arm movement on the pacemaker side is limited only for a short period after insertion.
答案
B · Tell staff about the pacemaker before any MRI scan or procedure
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10 × 0.04 = 0.40 s
RR = 28 × 0.04 = 1.12 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.40/√1.12 = 0.40/1.058 = 0.378 s
答案
QTc = 0.378 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(378 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
2:1 房室传导阻滞:每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波时,没有两个下传的 P 波连续出现,所以无法看出在未下传的 P 波之前,PR 间期是逐渐延长(I 型)还是保持恒定(II 型)。仅凭一条心电图条带,只能称为 2:1 房室传导阻滞;更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定类型。QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但两者都不能证明。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 38 个小格,1500 ÷ 38 ≈ 39 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.52 s。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.76 s,79 次/分),每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.16 s。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
为什么类型无法确定
每隔一个 P 波就不下传,所以没有两个下传的心搏相继出现,PR 间期是否逐渐延长也就无从显现。
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
答案
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但只有更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · An 84-year-old taking a diuretic who has fallen before and gets up at night
为什么是这个答案
A previous fall is one of the strongest risk factors. Older age, diuretics and getting up at night to urinate add further risk, so this patient needs fall precautions.
答案
B · An 84-year-old taking a diuretic who has fallen before and gets up at night
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · A possible myocardial infarction that needs urgent action
为什么是这个答案
Chest pain that lasts and is not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin suggests acute coronary syndrome, possibly a heart attack. The nurse acts at once: ECG, escalation and prescribed treatment.
答案
D · A possible myocardial infarction that needs urgent action
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Within about 60 minutes before the incision
为什么是这个答案
For most drugs, prophylaxis is given within 60 minutes before the incision so tissue levels are high during surgery. Some drugs, such as vancomycin, start earlier because they are infused over longer.
答案
B · Within about 60 minutes before the incision
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · The person who will perform the procedure, with the patient involved where possible
为什么是这个答案
Under the Universal Protocol, the site is marked by the person performing the procedure, or an authorized delegate, ideally while the patient is awake and can confirm it. This helps prevent wrong-site surgery.
答案
A · The person who will perform the procedure, with the patient involved where possible
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · In the afternoon and evening
为什么是这个答案
A morning dose of prednisone raises glucose mainly in the afternoon and evening, with a smaller effect overnight. Glucose monitoring and insulin plans often target these times, and doses are adjusted when the steroid is tapered.核对依据:Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)