这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1室上性心动过速(SVT)
2心房扑动,2:1 传导
3尖端扭转型室性心动过速
4心室颤动
13.优先排序与委派中等
一名护士将测量血糖的任务委派给一名受过培训的助理,却从不询问结果。缺少了委派的哪项正确原则?
A适合该任务的正确人员
B适合该环境的正确任务
C正确的监督与评价
D正确的情境
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient takes lithium. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will go for my blood tests as planned.”
B“I will drink enough fluid every day.”
C“I will keep my daily salt intake about the same as usual.”
D“I will take ibuprofen every day for my headaches.”
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has severe neutropenia after chemotherapy. Which route for measuring temperature should be avoided?
ATemporal artery
BOral
CTympanic
DRectal
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
An audit shows poor hand hygiene compliance on a ward. Which plan is most likely to improve it?
AA combined approach with education, hand rub at every bedside, regular audits and feedback
BDisciplining staff who are seen not cleaning their hands, with no other change
CA single poster about hand hygiene placed in the staff room
DRemoving all sinks so staff must use hand rub
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
为什么对血清白蛋白低的患者,必须谨慎解读偏低的总钙?
A白蛋白和钙用同一种化学反应测定,所以总是一起下降
B白蛋白低使所有钙检测都不准确、毫无用处
C许多钙与白蛋白结合,因此即使离子钙正常,总钙也会下降
D白蛋白低总会导致真正有症状的低钙血症
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名血小板计数为 35 × 10³/µL 的患者被开具肌内注射。护士应怎么做?
A按处方注射,并用力按摩注射部位
B注射后热敷
C询问开医嘱者是否可以改用其他途径
D用更长的针头注射
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Short sessions, large-print materials and repeating key points
为什么是这个答案
Older learners benefit from short, focused sessions, clear large print, good lighting, repetition and teach-back. Involving family can help but should not replace teaching the patient.
答案
D · Short sessions, large-print materials and repeating key points
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Category 4
为什么是这个答案
Category 4 (Stage 4 in the US NPIAP system) involves full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. It carries a high risk of osteomyelitis and needs specialist input.
答案
C · Category 4
3.临床护理
答案: B · 张力性气胸
为什么是这个答案
张力性气胸危及生命,需要立即减压。气管偏移是晚期体征。
答案
B · 张力性气胸
4.临床护理
答案: B · They reduce complications such as pneumonia, pressure ulcers and delirium
为什么是这个答案
Delayed surgery and immobility increase the risk of chest infection, VTE, pressure ulcers, delirium and loss of independence. Guidelines recommend surgery within about 24–48 hours of admission (UK guidance: the day of or day after) and mobilisation soon after.
答案
B · They reduce complications such as pneumonia, pressure ulcers and delirium
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 52 个小格
转换
停顿 = 52 × 0.04 s = 2.08 s
与 P–P 比较
2.08 ÷ 0.92 ≈ 2.3 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 2.08 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:非常快,各波群相隔约 7 个小格(约 214 次/分钟)。
2. 节律:快且大致规则,但波群的高度和方向呈重复的纺锤形变化。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:增宽且多形性;波群围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。
解读
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
答案
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · 正确的监督与评价
为什么是这个答案
护士必须跟进、检查结果并据此采取行动。委派后不检查结果违反了监督与评价的原则。
答案
C · 正确的监督与评价
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · “I will take ibuprofen every day for my headaches.”
为什么是这个答案
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen can raise lithium levels and cause toxicity. Steady fluid and salt intake and regular blood tests help keep levels safe.
答案
D · “I will take ibuprofen every day for my headaches.”
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Rectal
为什么是这个答案
Rectal thermometers, suppositories and enemas can damage the rectal mucosa and introduce bacteria into the blood of a patient with almost no neutrophils. Other routes are used instead.
答案
D · Rectal
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · A combined approach with education, hand rub at every bedside, regular audits and feedback
为什么是这个答案
Multimodal strategies, such as easy access to hand rub at the point of care, training, reminders, audits with feedback and leadership support, improve hand hygiene more than single actions.
答案
A · A combined approach with education, hand rub at every bedside, regular audits and feedback