Because opioid-induced constipation is so common, a regular laxative is usually prescribed with regular opioids, and bowel movements are monitored.
答案
B · A laxative
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply
为什么是这个答案
A dusky, purple or black stoma suggests ischaemia or necrosis, which can need surgery. The nurse reports it to the surgical team at once.
答案
A · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply
3.临床护理
答案: C · Take it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
为什么是这个答案
Alendronic acid must be taken with plain water before food, and the patient must stay upright to reduce oesophageal irritation. Food, milk and antacids reduce absorption.
答案
C · Take it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
4.临床护理
答案: B · Beta-blockers can mask warning signs such as tremor and a fast heart rate
为什么是这个答案
Tremor, palpitations and anxiety in hypoglycaemia are driven by the sympathetic system, which beta-blockers blunt. Sweating is often still present, and patients need to monitor glucose closely.
答案
B · Beta-blockers can mask warning signs such as tremor and a fast heart rate
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10 × 0.04 = 0.40 s
RR = 25 × 0.04 = 1.00 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.40/∛1.00 = 0.40/1 = 0.4 s
答案
QTc = 0.4 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(400 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 5 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 50 次/分。
2. 节律:规律性不规则,QRS 波群成组出现,组间有暂停(成组搏动)。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.92 s,65 次/分);每 4 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:逐渐延长 0.18 → 0.32 → 0.40 s,随后一个 P 波未下传。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
答案
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · 一名抑郁症患者,已将自己的物品送人并有自杀计划
为什么是这个答案
送人物品和有计划是自杀的警示信号,属于即时的安全威胁。其他患者病情稳定,他们的需要可以等待。
答案
D · 一名抑郁症患者,已将自己的物品送人并有自杀计划
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · “Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
为什么是这个答案
Giving insulin is medication administration and needs a licensed nurse. Measuring glucose, hygiene and supervised walking are suitable tasks with clear reporting instructions.
答案
D · “Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Rectal
为什么是这个答案
Rectal thermometers, suppositories and enemas can damage the rectal mucosa and introduce bacteria into the blood of a patient with almost no neutrophils. Other routes are used instead.
答案
D · Rectal
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Explain that antibiotics do not work on viruses and overuse breeds resistant bacteria
为什么是这个答案
Colds are caused by viruses, which antibiotics do not kill. Unneeded antibiotics cause side effects and drive resistance, so the nurse explains this and offers advice on managing symptoms.
答案
B · Explain that antibiotics do not work on viruses and overuse breeds resistant bacteria
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Protein in the urine
为什么是这个答案
Preeclampsia is new hypertension after 20 weeks of pregnancy with proteinuria or other signs of organ involvement, such as low platelets, raised liver enzymes or rising creatinine. Proteinuria reflects damage to the glomerular filter.核对依据:Preeclampsia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)