这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。共有多少个每组的 P 波数,包括未下传的那一个(n:(n − 1) 阻滞中的 n)?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
每组的 P 波数 =
13.优先排序与委派中等
Which action helps prevent a catheter-associated urinary tract infection?
ALeaving the catheter in place longer than needed
BKeeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
CRaising the drainage bag above the bladder when walking
DDisconnecting the bag every shift to empty it
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient with untreated hyperthyroidism has surgery and develops a temperature of 40 °C, a heart rate of 160/min and severe agitation. What is most likely happening?
AOpioid withdrawal
BA normal reaction to pain
CMyxedema coma
DThyroid storm
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A visitor with a cold wants to see a patient who has severe neutropenia. What should the nurse advise?
AVisit only if the cold started more than a day ago
BPostpone the visit until the visitor is well
CVisit as usual after washing the hands
DVisit but avoid touching the patient’s bed
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
带有密封放射性植入物的患者报告说,植入物掉到了床上。护士应怎么做?
A把它留在床上,等明天辐射防护小组到来
B戴手套捡起,放入医疗废物
C用长柄镊子将其放入铅容器
D请患者拿着,直到有人来帮忙
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
How often is the INR usually checked when warfarin is first started?
AEvery hour, during the first week
BOnce a year, at a routine visit
CEvery few days, until it is stable
DOnly if bleeding occurs at home
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient taking isoniazid for latent TB reports nausea, loss of appetite and dark urine. The ALT is five times the upper limit of normal. What is the best action?
AHold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once
BReassure the patient that dark urine is a harmless drug effect
CDouble the dose to finish the treatment course more quickly
DContinue the isoniazid and give it with food to settle the stomach
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Intravenous fluids
为什么是这个答案
Intake includes oral fluids, enteral feeds and IV fluids, including drug infusions. Urine, vomit, drainage and stool are output.
答案
B · Intravenous fluids
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Cover it with sterile saline-soaked dressings and call for urgent help
为什么是这个答案
Evisceration is a surgical emergency. The nurse stays with the patient, covers the bowel with sterile moist dressings, positions them to reduce tension on the wound and calls for urgent surgical review.
答案
C · Cover it with sterile saline-soaked dressings and call for urgent help
3.临床护理
答案: A · Face the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
为什么是这个答案
Facing the patient in good light, speaking clearly at a normal pace, checking hearing aids and reducing noise improves communication. Written information can also help.
答案
A · Face the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 45 个小格
转换
停顿 = 45 × 0.04 s = 1.8 s
与 P–P 比较
1.80 ÷ 0.80 ≈ 2.3 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 1.8 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 每组的 P 波数 = 3
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
逐个标出 P 波
P–P = 0.92 s,规则;每 3 个 P 波中有一个未下传
每组中的 PR
PR₁ = 0.20 s, PR₂ = 0.34 s
答案
每组的 P 波数 = 3
3:2 文氏阻滞。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Keeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
为什么是这个答案
Keeping the bag below the bladder prevents backflow, and the closed system is not broken. Catheters are removed as soon as they are no longer needed.
答案
B · Keeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Thyroid storm
为什么是这个答案
Thyroid storm is a life-threatening surge of thyroid hormone, with fever, tachycardia and agitation or confusion. It needs urgent treatment; myxedema coma is the opposite extreme of hypothyroidism.
答案
D · Thyroid storm
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
为什么是这个答案
Patients with severe neutropenia cannot fight infections well. People with respiratory or other infections should not visit until they are well; other visitors perform hand hygiene.
答案
B · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · 用长柄镊子将其放入铅容器
为什么是这个答案
脱落的放射源绝不能用手去碰。长柄镊子可保持距离,铅容器可屏蔽放射源,并应立即通知辐射安全员。
答案
C · 用长柄镊子将其放入铅容器
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Every few days, until it is stable
为什么是这个答案
When warfarin is started or its dose changes, the INR is checked frequently (often every few days) until it is stable in the target range. After that, the interval can be extended, often up to every 4 weeks or longer if very stable.
答案
C · Every few days, until it is stable
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Hold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once
为什么是这个答案
Isoniazid can cause hepatitis, which may be severe. Symptoms such as nausea, loss of appetite and dark urine with a markedly raised ALT mean the drug should be held and the prescriber informed. Patients are taught to avoid alcohol and report these symptoms early.
答案
A · Hold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once