II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心律伴室性早搏
2窦性心动过缓
3心房颤动
4窦性心律不齐
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
2二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
3交界性心律
4二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient has a serum potassium of 6.8 mEq/L. Which action comes first?
AGive the patient’s scheduled potassium supplement
BRecheck the level next week
CPlace the patient on a cardiac monitor
DEncourage foods high in potassium
14.优先排序与委派困难
在心脏科病房,护士应首先看哪位患者?
A一名服用地高辛的患者,脉搏 48 次/分,恶心,钾 3.0 mEq/L
B一名被要求明天扫描前禁食的患者
C一名心力衰竭患者,自昨天起体重增加了 0.3 kg
D一名房颤患者,心率 88 次/分,不规则,一如既往
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A person in scrubs without a hospital ID badge asks to take a newborn to the nursery. What should the nurse do?
ARefuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security
BLet the parents decide whether to hand the baby over
CAsk the person their name and then give them the baby
DHand over the baby if the person seems confident
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
According to the “Swiss cheese” model of error, why do errors reach patients?
ATechnology fails more often than people do
BWeaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
CPatients often do not follow their care instructions
DOne careless person makes a mistake that no system could stop
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
垂体手术后,一名患者每小时排出约 400 mL 淡色尿,比重 1.002,钠已升至 149 mEq/L。最可能的是哪种情况?
A高血糖伴酮症酸中毒
BSIADH
C尿崩症
D急性肾损伤伴少尿
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with severe sepsis is oozing blood from IV sites. Platelets 40 × 10³/µL, fibrinogen low, D-dimer very high, PT and aPTT both prolonged. Which condition fits best?
AHemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
BDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
CHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
DImmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
为什么是这个答案
The angle depends on needle length and body fat. A short needle at 90 degrees suits most adults; in thin patients a pinch of skin or a 45-degree angle avoids reaching muscle.
答案
B · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
2.护理学基础
答案: D · The apical pulse for a full minute
为什么是这个答案
Digoxin slows the heart rate and can cause dangerous bradycardia and arrhythmias in toxicity. The apical pulse is counted for a full minute, and a low or irregular rate is reported before giving it.
答案
D · The apical pulse for a full minute
3.临床护理
答案: A · On or soon after admission
为什么是这个答案
Discharge planning starts early so that needs such as equipment, care packages, medicines and follow-up are ready when the patient is fit to leave.
答案
A · On or soon after admission
4.临床护理
答案: C · Loss of circulation to the hand as swelling builds under tight burned skin
为什么是这个答案
Circumferential full-thickness burns form a tight eschar that acts like a tourniquet as oedema develops. Neurovascular checks are needed, and escharotomy may be required.
答案
C · Loss of circulation to the hand as swelling builds under tight burned skin
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 6 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 60 次/分。
2. 节律:不规则,R–R 在 0.80 至 1.08 s 之间,逐渐变长和变短。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心律不齐
答案
窦性心律不齐
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 42 个小格,1500 ÷ 42 ≈ 36 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(1.68 s),P–P 规则(0.72 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 83 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:逐搏变化;没有固定关系。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
答案
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Place the patient on a cardiac monitor
为什么是这个答案
Severe hyperkalemia can cause dangerous arrhythmias, so continuous cardiac monitoring comes first while the provider is informed and treatment is prepared.
答案: A · Refuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security
为什么是这个答案
Infants are only handed to staff with proper identification, as set out in the infant security policy. Suspicious behavior is reported to security at once, and parents are taught to do the same.
答案
A · Refuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
为什么是这个答案
Reason’s Swiss cheese model shows that each safety layer, such as prescribing, dispensing, checking and scanning, has weaknesses. Harm happens when the holes in several layers line up, so safety improvement focuses on strengthening the system.
答案
B · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
答案: B · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
为什么是这个答案
In DIC, widespread clotting consumes platelets and clotting factors, so PT and aPTT are prolonged and fibrinogen falls, while clot breakdown raises the D-dimer. ITP lowers platelets only, and hemophilia A prolongs only the aPTT.核对依据:Fibrinogen blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); D-Dimer Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)