理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 137/1.68² = 48.54 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
168 cm/2.54 = 66.14 in
IBW = 45.5 + 2.3·(66.14 − 60) = 59.63 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 40 或以上:每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。
P = 2.5·59.63 = 149.1 ≈ 149 g/天
答案
P = 149 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QTc = 0.5 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 12.5 × 0.04 = 0.50 s
RR = 25 × 0.04 = 1.00 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.50/∛1.00 = 0.50/1 = 0.5 s
答案
QTc = 0.5 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(500 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 6 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 60 次/分。
2. 节律:P 波规则;R–R 规则,只有一处因缺少 QRS 而出现长暂停。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.88 s,68 次/分);每 4 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.24 s。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
答案
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Thoughts of suicide or self-harm
为什么是这个答案
In the early weeks of antidepressant treatment, especially in young people, suicidal thoughts may increase. Patients and families are taught to report them at once.
答案
A · Thoughts of suicide or self-harm
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
为什么是这个答案
Chest pain, fever and low oxygen in sickle cell disease suggest acute chest syndrome. It can worsen quickly, so oxygen, urgent review and prescribed treatment are needed.
答案
C · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · A water-based lip lubricant
为什么是这个答案
Petroleum- and oil-based products can increase the risk of burns or fire in an oxygen-rich setting. A water-based lubricant is used instead.
答案
B · A water-based lip lubricant
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Tell the surgeon and team, search for the item, and image the patient per policy if it is not found
为什么是这个答案
A count discrepancy is reported to the whole team at once. Closure waits while the field, wound and room are searched, and an x-ray is taken per policy if the item is still missing.
答案
D · Tell the surgeon and team, search for the item, and image the patient per policy if it is not found
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Glucagon by injection, or IV dextrose as prescribed
为什么是这个答案
A patient who cannot swallow safely must not receive anything by mouth because of the risk of aspiration. Glucagon (injected or intranasal) or IV dextrose raises the glucose; once awake and able to swallow, the patient is given oral carbohydrate and a snack.核对依据:Hypoglycemia · MedlinePlus (NIH); Low blood sugar · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
C · Glucagon by injection, or IV dextrose as prescribed
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · "I can have a light breakfast before the test"
为什么是这个答案
The OGTT is done after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours; water is allowed. Eating before the test makes the results invalid. Patients rest during the test and avoid smoking, which can affect glucose.核对依据:Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Glucose tolerance test - non-pregnant · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
C · "I can have a light breakfast before the test"