II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1正常窦性心律
2窦性心动过缓
3窦性心动过速
4交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
2一度房室传导阻滞
3心房颤动
4二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派中等
使用急诊严重程度指数,哪位患者被评为最高紧急程度?
A咽痛三天、生命体征正常的患者
B胸痛但生命体征正常的患者
C无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者
D可能有踝部骨折的患者
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient in hypovolemic shock is receiving IV fluids. Which finding best shows that the treatment is working?
ACooler, paler skin on the arms and legs
BA heart rate that keeps rising after each bag of fluid
CNew crackles at both lung bases
DUrine output at least 0.5 mL/kg/h and clearer thinking
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient in bed has a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. What should the nurse do?
APut a padded tongue blade between the teeth to protect the tongue from biting
BHold the arms and legs firmly to stop the movements
CGive sips of water to keep the airway moist
DTurn the patient on their side and protect them from injury without restraining
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse teaches a patient about care of a surgical incision at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“If the wound gets red and drains pus, I will wait for my appointment next month.”
B“I will call the clinic if I get a fever or more pain around the wound.”
C“I will keep the dressing clean and dry as I was shown.”
D“I will wash my hands with soap before I touch or change the dressing.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient has weight loss, tremor and heat intolerance. Which thyroid test pattern fits Graves disease?
AHigh TSH with a normal free T4
BHigh TSH with a low free T4
CLow TSH with a high free T4
DNormal TSH with a low free T4
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia has a measured sodium of 128 mEq/L, but a measured serum osmolality is normal, and the patient has no symptoms. What is the most likely explanation?
AHyponatremia caused by severe hyperglycemia in diabetes
BTrue hyponatremia from SIADH that needs fluid restriction
CHyponatremia caused by drinking far too much water
DPseudohyponatremia, an artifact caused by very high lipids
答案: B · Thyroid function, the lungs and the skin's sensitivity to sunlight
为什么是这个答案
Amiodarone can cause hypo- or hyperthyroidism, pulmonary fibrosis, liver problems and photosensitivity. Regular monitoring of thyroid and liver function is needed.
答案
B · Thyroid function, the lungs and the skin's sensitivity to sunlight
4.临床护理
答案: B · Paralytic ileus
为什么是这个答案
Paralytic ileus is a temporary loss of gut movement, common after abdominal surgery. Bowel sounds are absent, unlike mechanical obstruction where they are often high-pitched. Management includes nil by mouth, NG decompression, fluids and correcting electrolytes.
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 126/1.58² = 50.47 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
158 cm/2.54 = 62.2 in
IBW = 45.5 + 2.3·(62.2 − 60) = 50.57 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 40 或以上:每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。
P = 2.5·50.57 = 126.4 ≈ 126 g/天
答案
P = 126 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 正常窦性心律
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 20 个小格,1500 ÷ 20 ≈ 75 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.80 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
正常窦性心律
答案
正常窦性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 4 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 40 次/分。
2. 节律:规律性不规则,QRS 波群成组出现,组间有暂停(成组搏动)。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.88 s,68 次/分);每 3 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:逐渐延长 0.18 → 0.30 s,随后一个 P 波未下传。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
答案
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · 无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者
为什么是这个答案
无反应且有濒死呼吸的患者需要立即的气道和呼吸支持,这是 ESI 1 级。生命体征正常的胸痛属于高危(2 级),其他则是较低级别。
答案
C · 无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Urine output at least 0.5 mL/kg/h and clearer thinking
为什么是这个答案
Improving urine output, mental state and heart rate show better tissue perfusion. A rising heart rate and cool skin suggest ongoing shock, and new crackles may mean fluid overload.
答案
D · Urine output at least 0.5 mL/kg/h and clearer thinking
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Turn the patient on their side and protect them from injury without restraining
为什么是这个答案
The nurse stays with the patient, turns them to the side to keep the airway clear, moves hard objects away and times the seizure. Objects in the mouth and restraint can cause injury.
答案
D · Turn the patient on their side and protect them from injury without restraining
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · “If the wound gets red and drains pus, I will wait for my appointment next month.”
为什么是这个答案
Increasing redness, purulent drainage, fever and worsening pain are signs of surgical site infection and should be reported promptly. Waiting a month could allow the infection to spread.
答案
A · “If the wound gets red and drains pus, I will wait for my appointment next month.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Low TSH with a high free T4
为什么是这个答案
In Graves disease, antibodies stimulate the thyroid to make too much hormone. The high free T4 suppresses TSH from the pituitary through negative feedback, so TSH is low. A high TSH with a low T4 fits primary hypothyroidism.核对依据:TSH test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Thyroxine (T4) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Graves disease · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
C · Low TSH with a high free T4
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Pseudohyponatremia, an artifact caused by very high lipids
为什么是这个答案
Very high lipids or proteins take up part of the plasma volume, so some laboratory methods report a falsely low sodium. The osmolality and the sodium measured by direct methods are normal. Treating this "hyponatremia" would be harmful.
答案
D · Pseudohyponatremia, an artifact caused by very high lipids