II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
3二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
4三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
Which action helps prevent a catheter-associated urinary tract infection?
ALeaving the catheter in place longer than needed
BDisconnecting the bag every shift to empty it
CKeeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
DRaising the drainage bag above the bladder when walking
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has a heart rate of 38/min, feels dizzy and has a blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg. Which drug is usually given first, as prescribed?
AAtropine
BDiltiazem
CDigoxin
DMetoprolol
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient on nasal cannula oxygen has dry lips. Which product should the nurse offer?
AAn oil-based lip balm
BPetroleum jelly
CA scented petroleum ointment
DA water-based lip lubricant
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient with fever and a spreading rash is suspected of having smallpox. Which precautions are needed?
AAirborne and contact precautions
BContact precautions only
CStandard precautions only
DDroplet precautions with a surgical mask
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
一名室性心律失常患者的监护仪上显示扭转样图形(尖端扭转型室速)。常静脉给予哪种电解质作为治疗?
A磷酸钾
B硫酸镁
C碳酸钙
D碳酸氢钠
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A middle-aged man has fatigue, joint pain, a raised ALT and new diabetes. His ferritin is very high and his transferrin saturation is above 60%. Which condition is most likely?
AAcute viral hepatitis A
BIron-deficiency anemia
CHereditary hemochromatosis
DAnemia of chronic disease
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · 15
为什么是这个答案
GCS 范围为 3 分(深昏迷)到 15 分(完全清醒)。8 分及以下通常意味着气道有危险。
答案
A · 15
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Stop suctioning and give oxygen until the patient recovers
为什么是这个答案
Suction removes oxygen and can stimulate the vagus nerve, causing hypoxia and bradycardia. The nurse stops, oxygenates and lets the patient recover before trying again.
答案
D · Stop suctioning and give oxygen until the patient recovers
3.临床护理
答案: B · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
为什么是这个答案
Weights must hang freely so the pull is continuous and in line. Nurses also check the skin, circulation and sensation of the limb.
答案
B · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 98/1.64² = 36.44 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
164 cm/2.54 = 64.57 in
IBW = 45.5 + 2.3·(64.57 − 60) = 56 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 30 至不足 40:每 kg 理想体重 2 g。
P = 2·56 = 112 g/天
答案
P = 112 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QTc = 0.48 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 12 × 0.04 = 0.48 s
RR = 25 × 0.04 = 1.00 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.48/√1.00 = 0.48/1 = 0.48 s
答案
QTc = 0.48 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(480 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 28 个小格,1500 ÷ 28 ≈ 54 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(1.12 s),P–P 规则(0.80 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 75 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:逐搏变化;没有固定关系。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
答案
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Keeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
为什么是这个答案
Keeping the bag below the bladder prevents backflow, and the closed system is not broken. Catheters are removed as soon as they are no longer needed.
答案
C · Keeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Atropine
为什么是这个答案
Atropine is the first-line drug for symptomatic bradycardia. Metoprolol, digoxin and diltiazem slow the heart and would make things worse; pacing may be needed if atropine does not work.
答案
A · Atropine
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · A water-based lip lubricant
为什么是这个答案
Petroleum- and oil-based products can increase the risk of burns or fire in an oxygen-rich setting. A water-based lubricant is used instead.
答案
D · A water-based lip lubricant
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Airborne and contact precautions
为什么是这个答案
Smallpox spreads by respiratory particles and by contact with lesions or contaminated items, so airborne and contact precautions are used. Only immunized staff should provide care where possible.
Hemochromatosis is an inherited disorder of increased iron absorption. Iron is deposited in the liver, pancreas, joints, heart and skin. A high transferrin saturation with a high ferritin suggests the diagnosis, and treatment is regular venesection (phlebotomy).核对依据:Hemochromatosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)