练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一瓶药含ceftriaxone 1000 mg 粉末。练习标签说明加入 9.6 mL 灭菌注射用水;粉末使体积增加 0.4 mL。复溶后的浓度 C 是多少 mg/mL?
1000 mg9.6 mL+0.4 mL
C = mg/mL
12.药学计算困难
一瓶含 500 mg 粉末。你加入 2 mL 稀释液,粉末增加 0.5 mL 的体积。处方剂量为 380 mg。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
500 mg2 mL + 0.5 mL380 mg
V = mL
3溶液
1.护理数学与单位换算
答案: h = 173 cm
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
以英寸表示的身高
5·12 + 8 = 68 in
英寸换算为厘米
h = 68·2.54 = 172.7 ≈ 173 cm
答案
h = 173 cm
2.护理数学与单位换算
答案: V = 420 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
每次剂量的体积
1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL
整个疗程
V = 7.5 mL × 4/天 × 14 = 420 mL
答案
V = 420 mL
3.剂量计算
答案: D = 290.3 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
速度(mL/h)
100·60/60 = 100 mL/h
体积
V = 100·4 = 400 mL
答案
V = 400 mL
6.静脉输液速度
答案: D = 80 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).