一种溶液的比例浓度为 1:1000。你需要 0.58 mg。请在 1 mL 注射器中抽取该体积:这是多少体积 V?
1:10000.58 mg
V = mL
12.药学计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 你须用 20% 的原液和纯化水配制 900 mL 2% 的chlorhexidine。需要多少 mL 水 V?取整到最接近的整数 mL。
20%0%2%900 mL
V = mL
3溶液
1.护理数学与单位换算
答案: m = 1.85 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
盎司换算为磅
1 oz/16 = 0.0625 lb
4 + 0.0625 = 4.063 lb
磅换算为千克
m = 4.063/2.2 = 1.847 ≈ 1.85 kg
答案
m = 1.85 kg
2.护理数学与单位换算
答案: D = 83.3 mcg/min
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
列出换算链
D = 5 mg/h × (1000 mcg/1 mg) × (1 h/60 min)
计算
D = 5000/60 = 83.33 ≈ 83.3 mcg/min
答案
D = 83.3 mcg/min
3.剂量计算
答案: V = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
体重 (kg)
187/2.2 = 85 kg
剂量
10·85 = 850 mg
体积
V = (850/200)·5 = 21.25 ≈ 21.3 mL
答案
V = 21.3 mL
5.静脉输液速度
答案: R = 110 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).