练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一瓶药含ceftriaxone 1000 mg 粉末。练习标签说明加入 9.6 mL 灭菌注射用水;粉末使体积增加 0.4 mL。复溶后的浓度 C 是多少 mg/mL?
1000 mg9.6 mL+0.4 mL
C = mg/mL
12.药学计算困难
一瓶含 250 mg 粉末。你加入 4.5 mL 稀释液,粉末增加 0.5 mL 的体积。处方剂量为 125 mg。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
250 mg4.5 mL + 0.5 mL125 mg
V = mL
3溶液
1.护理数学与单位换算
答案: x = 11.6 mL
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
十分位位上的数字
11.6267 → 6
只看下一位数字
11.6267 → 2
2 小于或等于 4,所以 6 不变。
后面的数字(67)不考虑:只取整一次,不要逐位取整。
取整
x = 11.6 mL
答案
x = 11.6 mL
2.护理数学与单位换算
答案: V = 115 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
每一项的 mL 数
1½ fl oz = 1.5·30 = 45 mL
½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL
¼ 杯 = 0.25·240 = 60 mL
相加
V = 45 + 2.5 + 7.5 + 60 = 115 mL
答案
V = 115 mL
3.剂量计算
答案: D = 1800 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
剂量
20·90 = 1800 mg
答案
D = 1800 mg
4.剂量计算
答案: V = 3.5 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
体重 (kg)
151.8/2.2 = 69 kg
剂量
2·69 = 138 mg
体积
V = (138/40)·1 = 3.45 ≈ 3.5 mL
答案
V = 3.5 mL
5.静脉输液速度
答案: R = 50 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
每分钟毫升数
150/60 = 2.5 mL/min
滴速
R = 2.5·20 = 50 gtt/min
答案
R = 50 gtt/min
6.静脉输液速度
答案: R = 90 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).