剂量计算
- 由浓度计算剂量
- 体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
- 按体重给药
- 剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
- 片剂
- 片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
- 单位
- 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg
方法
- 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
- 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”：(D/H) × Q。
- 按体重给药时，先乘以以 kg 计的体重，再用日剂量除以给药次数。
- 先估算，再检查答案是否合理。
药理学：速成包
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。
1公式与方法
临床药代动力学
- 速率常数和半衰期
- k = ln 2/t½ = 0.693/t½
- 一级衰减
- C = C₀·e−kt = C₀·(1/2)t/t½
- 两个浓度
- k = ln(C₁/C₂)/Δt
- 容积和清除率
- Vd = dose/C₀, CL = k·Vd
- 负荷剂量
- LD = Vd·C/(S·F)
- 维持速率
- R = CL·Css/(S·F)
- 平均稳态
- Css,avg = S·F·D/(CL·τ)
- 稳态
- n 个半衰期后为 1 − (1/2)ⁿ； 5 个半衰期后 ≈ 97%
- 输注
- C = (R/CL)(1 − e−kt)
- 由峰浓度和谷浓度确定间隔与剂量
- τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k, D = Vd·(Cpeak − Ctrough)
- Cockcroft–Gault
- CrCl = (140 − 年龄) × kg/(72 × SCr mg/dL)，女性 × 0.85
- 肾功能调整
- 剂量 × CrCl/正常值； Dettli Q = 1 − fe·(1 − CrCl/正常值)
方法
- 把半衰期换算为速率常数：k = 0.693/t½。
- 把按每 kg 的数值换算为总量：Vd（L）= L/kg × 体重，CL（L/h）= L/kg/h × 体重。
- 选定关系式：C = C₀·e−kt，LD = Vd·C/(S·F)，维持速率 = CL·Css/(S·F)，τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k。
- 对于肾功能，先用 Cockcroft–Gault 估算 CrCl，再调整剂量或间隔。
- 核对结果：浓度每个半衰期减半，达到稳态约需五个半衰期。
2练习题
1.药理学中等
A patient with diabetes is sweaty and shaky. Blood glucose is 3.0 mmol/L (54 mg/dL). The patient is awake and can swallow. What should the nurse do first?
- AGive the next scheduled dose of insulin
- BGive intramuscular glucagon at once
- CGive 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, such as juice
- DGive a large meal high in fat and protein to keep glucose up for longer
2.药理学困难
A patient with type 2 diabetes starts a high dose of prednisolone for a flare of COPD. Which change should the nurse expect?
- AHigher blood glucose, so more frequent glucose checks are needed
- BNo change in glucose, as steroids act only in the lungs
- CLower blood glucose, so the diabetes medicines should be stopped
- DLower potassium only, with no effect on glucose
3.剂量计算中等
一支肾上腺素安瓿标示为 1:1000（1 mg/mL）。医嘱为 0.5 mg 肌内注射（IM），用于严重过敏反应。你应抽取多少体积 V？
1:10000.5 mg
V = mL
4.剂量计算困难
一名患者体重 48.4 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 5 mg/kg，储备液为 1 mL 中含 10 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算，你应给予多少容量 V？
48.4 lb5 mg/kg10 mg/1 mL1 kg = 2.2 lb
V = mL
5.临床药代动力学中等
练习题（虚构数值，不作为临床指导）。 一位患者静脉推注 190 mg tobramycin。外推回时间零点的浓度为 7 mg/L，半衰期为 2.5 h。 求清除率CL（L/h）。
D = 190 mgC₀ = 7 mg/Lt½ = 2.5 h
CL = L/h
6.临床药代动力学困难
练习题（虚构数值，不作为临床指导）。 一位患者每 12 h 静脉给予万古霉素；万古霉素清除率为 3.5 L/h。 什么剂量D（mg）能使平均稳态浓度达到 20 mg/L？
CL = 3.5 L/hτ = 12 hS = 1F = 1Css,avg = 20 mg/L
D = mg
3溶液
1.药理学
答案: C · Give 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, such as juice
为什么是这个答案
Conscious hypoglycaemia is treated with 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, with glucose rechecked after about 15 minutes. Fat slows absorption, and glucagon is kept for patients who cannot swallow.
答案
C · Give 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, such as juice
2.药理学
答案: A · Higher blood glucose, so more frequent glucose checks are needed
为什么是这个答案
Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose by increasing liver glucose production and insulin resistance. Glucose is monitored more often, and diabetes treatment may need to be increased during the course.
答案
A · Higher blood glucose, so more frequent glucose checks are needed
3.剂量计算
答案: V = 0.5 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
浓度
1:1000 = 1 g/1000 mL = 1 mg/mL
体积
V = 0.5/1 = 0.5 mL
答案
V = 0.5 mL
美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL（1 mg/mL = 1:1000；0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000）。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。
4.剂量计算
答案: V = 11 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
体重 (kg)
48.4/2.2 = 22 kg
剂量
5·22 = 110 mg
体积
V = (110/10)·1 = 11 mL
答案
V = 11 mL
5.临床药代动力学
答案: CL = 7.526 L/h
清除率和容积：在稳态时，给药速率等于消除速率，所以维持速率 = CL × Css。负荷剂量 LD = Vd × C/(S × F)，其中 S 是盐因子（盐中活性药物所占的比例），F 是生物利用度（静脉给药为 1）。由两个浓度可得 k = ln(C₁/C₂)/Δt；对于静脉推注，Vd = 剂量/C₀，CL = k × Vd。 这些数字仅供练习；在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程，高危剂量须经双人核对。
分布容积
Vd = 190/7 = 27.14 L
速率常数
k = 0.693/2.5 = 0.2773 h⁻¹
清除率
CL = 0.2773·27.14 = 7.526 L/h
答案
CL = 7.526 L/h
6.临床药代动力学
答案: D = 840 mg
设计给药方案：快速静脉给药时，血药浓度在间隔期内从峰值降到谷值，所以 τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k，使血药浓度恢复到峰值的剂量为 Vd × (Cpeak − Ctrough)。平均稳态浓度为 Css,avg = S·F·剂量/(CL·τ)。输注时浓度按 C = (R/CL)(1 − e−kt) 上升。对于经肾脏清除的药物，剂量要根据肌酐清除率调整。 这些数字仅供练习；在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程，高危剂量须经双人核对。
剂量
D = Css,avg·CL·τ/(S·F) = 20·3.5·12/(1·1) = 840 mg
答案
D = 840 mg
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