物理（一）：力学：速成包

匀变速直线运动：v = v₀ + a·t，s = v₀·t + ½·a·t²，v² = v₀² + 2·a·s。选择包含三个已知量和一个待求量的那个方程，并按同一个正方向统一符号。

匀变速直线运动：v = v₀ + a·t，s = v₀·t + ½·a·t²，v² = v₀² + 2·a·s。选择包含三个已知量和一个待求量的那个方程，并按同一个正方向统一符号。

Newton’s second law: the net force on a body equals its mass times its acceleration, ΣF = m·a. Draw a free-body diagram, choose a positive direction along the motion, and add every force in that direction: applied forces, friction μ·N against the motion, and the components of gravity.

Newton’s second law: the net force on a body equals its mass times its acceleration, ΣF = m·a. Draw a free-body diagram, choose a positive direction along the motion, and add every force in that direction: applied forces, friction μ·N against the motion, and the components of gravity.

Projectile motion: with no air resistance, x = v_xt and y = h + v_yt − ½gt². The two directions are independent except that they share the same time.

Projectile motion: with no air resistance, x = v_xt and y = h + v_yt − ½gt². The two directions are independent except that they share the same time.

Uniform circular motion: an object moving at speed v on a circle of radius r accelerates towards the centre with a = v²/r, so it needs a net inward force F = m·v²/r. That force is supplied by something real: friction, tension, gravity or a normal force.

Uniform circular motion: an object moving at speed v on a circle of radius r accelerates towards the centre with a = v²/r, so it needs a net inward force F = m·v²/r. That force is supplied by something real: friction, tension, gravity or a normal force.

动能定理：动能的变化等于所有力做的功。把重力和弹簧写成势能（mgh 和 ½kx²）后得到能量衡算：初始能量 = 终了能量 + 摩擦损失的能量 (μN·d)。

动能定理：动能的变化等于所有力做的功。把重力和弹簧写成势能（mgh 和 ½kx²）后得到能量衡算：初始能量 = 终了能量 + 摩擦损失的能量 (μN·d)。

Conservation of momentum: when no external force acts during a collision, the total momentum Σm·v before equals the total after. Velocities have a direction, so pick a positive direction and give velocities the other way a minus sign. In an elastic collision kinetic energy is conserved too; in a perfectly inelastic one the bodies stick together.

Conservation of momentum: when no external force acts during a collision, the total momentum Σm·v before equals the total after. Velocities have a direction, so pick a positive direction and give velocities the other way a minus sign. In an elastic collision kinetic energy is conserved too; in a perfectly inelastic one the bodies stick together.

简谐运动：质量为 m 的物体连在劲度系数为 k 的弹簧上，振动的角频率为 ω = √(k/m)，周期为 T = 2π/ω = 2π·√(m/k)。摆长为 L 的单摆周期为 T = 2π·√(L/g)。振幅为 A 时，最大速度为 A·ω，最大加速度为 A·ω²，能量为 ½·k·A²。

简谐运动：质量为 m 的物体连在劲度系数为 k 的弹簧上，振动的角频率为 ω = √(k/m)，周期为 T = 2π/ω = 2π·√(m/k)。摆长为 L 的单摆周期为 T = 2π·√(L/g)。振幅为 A 时，最大速度为 A·ω，最大加速度为 A·ω²，能量为 ½·k·A²。

几何光学：在界面处，n₁·sin θ₁ = n₂·sin θ₂（斯涅尔定律），角度从法线量起，n = c/v。进入传播较慢的介质时，光线向法线偏折。从光密介质 (n₁ > n₂) 射出时，超过临界角 θ_c = arcsin(n₂/n₁) 后，所有光都被反射：全反射。薄透镜和球面镜服从 1/f = 1/d_o + 1/d_i，放大率为 m = −d_i/d_o。符号规定：会聚透镜和凹面镜 f > 0 (f = R/2)，发散透镜和凸面镜 f < 0；实像 d_i > 0，虚像 d_i < 0，倒立的像 m < 0。

干涉与衍射：来自相距 d 的两条缝的光，到达屏上某点时光程差为 d·sin θ。在 d·sin θ = mλ (m = 0, ±1, ±2, …) 处出现亮条纹。对于距离 L ≫ d 的屏，第 m 级亮条纹位于 y = mλL/d，条纹间距为 Δy = λL/d。每毫米 N 条刻线的光栅有 d = 1/N，在 d·sin θ = mλ 处出现尖锐的极大值；由于 sin θ ≤ 1，最高级次是满足 m ≤ d/λ 的最大整数 m。宽度为 a 的单缝在 a·sin θ = mλ，m = ±1, ±2, … 处出现暗条纹。