Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
位移
d = B − A = (0, −2, 0) − (4, 1, 3) = (−4, −3, −3) m
功
W = F·d = 0·(−4) + (−25)·(−3) + 15·(−3) = 30 J
答案
W = 30 J
2.向量:点积和叉积
答案: |M| = 165.8 N·m
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.
从 O 到 A 的位置向量
r = A − O = (−1, 2, −1) − (0, 0, 0) = (−1, 2, −1) m