Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
点积
a·b = (−3)·(−2) + (−3)·2 + (−4)·1 = −4
b 的长度
|b| = √((−2)² + 2² + 1²) = 3
标量投影
compb a = a·b/|b| = −4/3 = −1.333
答案
compb a = −1.333
为负:a 有一个与 b 方向相反的分量。
2.向量:点积和叉积
答案: V = 4
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.
叉积 b × c
(b × c)x = bycz − bzcy = 0·3 − (−2)·(−2) = −4
(b × c)y = bzcx − bxcz = (−2)·0 − 4·3 = −12
(b × c)z = bxcy − bycx = 4·(−2) − 0·0 = −8
与 a 的点积
a·(b × c) = (−1)·(−4) + 0·(−12) + 1·(−8) = −4
V = |−4| = 4
答案
V = 4
3.梁的支座反力
答案: MA = 325 kN·m
悬臂梁的平衡:固定端既能向上支承,也能阻止转动,所以它提供竖向反力 RA 和反力矩 MA。由 ΣFy = 0 得 RA,对墙取矩得 MA = Σ(荷载 × 到墙的距离)。分布荷载以其合力作用在荷载图的形心处。