Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
点积
a·b = (−4)·(−4) + (−4)·(−3) + 6·(−6) = −8
模
|a| = √((−4)² + (−4)² + 6²) = 8.246
|b| = √((−4)² + (−3)² + (−6)²) = 7.81
相角
cos θ = −8/(8.246·7.81) = −0.1242
θ = arccos(−0.1242) = 97.14°
答案
θ = 97.14°
2.向量:点积和叉积
答案: Mz = 50 N·m
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.
从 O 到 A 的位置向量
r = A − O = (4, 4, −1) − (−1, 1, −3) = (5, 3, 2) m