Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
点积
a·b = (−2)·(−4) + 5·(−1) + (−3)·(−1) = 6
模
|a| = √((−2)² + 5² + (−3)²) = 6.164
|b| = √((−4)² + (−1)² + (−1)²) = 4.243
相角
cos θ = 6/(6.164·4.243) = 0.2294
θ = arccos(0.2294) = 76.74°
答案
θ = 76.74°
2.向量:点积和叉积
答案: A = 34.99
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.
叉积
(a × b)x = aybz − azby = 5·(−6) − 4·(−1) = −26
(a × b)y = azbx − axbz = 4·1 − 3·(−6) = 22
(a × b)z = axby − aybx = 3·(−1) − 5·1 = −8
面积
A = |a × b| = √((−26)² + 22² + (−8)²) = 34.99
答案
A = 34.99
3.梁的支座反力
答案: RA = 84 kN
悬臂梁的平衡:固定端既能向上支承,也能阻止转动,所以它提供竖向反力 RA 和反力矩 MA。由 ΣFy = 0 得 RA,对墙取矩得 MA = Σ(荷载 × 到墙的距离)。分布荷载以其合力作用在荷载图的形心处。