Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
点积
a·b = 2·(−4) + 1·0 + (−3)·(−3) = 1
模
|a| = √(2² + 1² + (−3)²) = 3.742
|b| = √((−4)² + 0² + (−3)²) = 5
相角
cos θ = 1/(3.742·5) = 0.05345
θ = arccos(0.05345) = 86.94°
答案
θ = 86.94°
2.向量:点积和叉积
答案: (a × b)x = −3
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.