阅读理解(入学考试)
方法
- 先读问题,这样你就知道要找什么。
- 快速浏览短文,了解其主题和要点;第一句或最后一句往往会点明。
- 回到能回答该问题的那几行原文。
- 对于推断题,选择线索最有力支持的选项,而不是推得更远的选项。
- 对于标签和表格,应用所有适用于该情形的规则,并仔细完成小的计算。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
The new medication reduced headaches in 70 percent of patients in the trial. However, 15 percent of patients reported stomach upset. What is the purpose of the second sentence?
“Researchers gave half of a group of volunteers a new vitamin and the other half a dummy pill. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who got which until the end.” Why did the researchers keep this secret?
一本教科书的价格从 $200 变为 $240。 增长的百分数是多少 p?
一个圆柱的半径为 3 m,高为 17 m。取 π ≈ 3.14,求它的体积 V。
心脏壁的哪一层含有心肌?
为什么吸入的异物更常卡在右主支气管而不是左主支气管?
什么是解剖无效腔?
一名年轻女性的肌无力在反复使用后加重,使用乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂后改善。最可能的机制是什么?
Why does PCR use a DNA polymerase taken from bacteria that live in hot springs?
胰腺细胞合成并分泌大量消化酶。哪些细胞器会特别发达?
A room is at 25 °C. What is this temperature in kelvin?
配制 500 mL 0.2 M 的溶液需要多少克 NaOH(摩尔质量 40 g/mol)?
Choose the correct word: “Sacramento is the ___ of California.”
Which sentence contains a split infinitive?
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The patient’s fluid intake was sufficient.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The tumour had metastasised to the liver.”
答案: B · To point out a drawback of the medication
“However” introduces a contrasting point: a side effect, which is a drawback.
答案: D · To stop expectations from affecting the results
Keeping both groups unaware (a double-blind design) prevents expectations of volunteers or researchers from biasing the results.
答案: p = 20 %
百分数表示每一百份中的份数:一个数的 p% 等于 (p/100) × 这个数。求 A 是 B 的百分之几,用 A 除以 B 再乘以 100。百分数变化是把变化量与原值比较:百分数变化 =(新值 − 原值)/原值 × 100。
答案: V = 480.4 m³
周长、面积和体积:周长是围绕图形一周的长度(长方形:2l + 2w)。面积以平方单位计量:长方形 l × w,三角形 ½ × 底 × 高,圆 π·r²。圆的周长是 π·d = 2π·r。体积以立方单位计量:长方体 l × w × h,圆柱 π·r²·h。使用题目给出的 π 值。
答案: B · 心肌层
心肌层是厚厚的中间肌层。心内膜衬于心腔内面,心外膜覆盖外表面。
答案: D · 右主支气管更粗、更短、更陡直
右主支气管更粗、更短,与气管的走向更接近一条直线,因此误吸的物体往往落入其中。
答案: B · 不发生气体交换的传导气道的容积
解剖无效腔(约 150 ml)是鼻腔、气管和支气管中的空气。它每次呼吸都会移动,但从不到达肺泡。
答案: B · 针对神经肌肉接头处乙酰胆碱受体的抗体
在重症肌无力中,自身抗体减少了有功能的乙酰胆碱受体数量。阻断乙酰胆碱酯酶可以留下更多 ACh 与剩余受体结合。
答案: B · It survives the high temperatures used to separate the strands
Each PCR cycle heats the mixture to separate the DNA strands. Most enzymes would denature, but polymerase from heat-loving bacteria (such as Taq polymerase) stays active through many cycles.
答案: A · 粗面内质网和高尔基体
用于分泌的蛋白质在粗面内质网上合成,然后由高尔基体包装进囊泡,再由囊泡释放到细胞外。
答案: D · 298 K
K = °C + 273, so 25 + 273 = 298 K. Kelvin temperatures are never negative because 0 K is absolute zero.
答案: C · 4 g
n = 0.2 mol/L × 0.5 L = 0.1 mol;质量 = 0.1 × 40 = 4 g。如果用 500 而不是 0.5 L,答案会大 1000 倍。
答案: C · capital
“Capital” is the city where a government sits (and also means money or a large letter). “Capitol” is the building where lawmakers meet.
答案: A · She decided to carefully check the dose.
In A, the adverb “carefully” comes between “to” and “check”, splitting the infinitive. Most modern style guides accept split infinitives, but test writers still expect you to recognise one.
答案: C · Enough
Sufficient means as much as is needed.
答案: A · Spread from its original site
To metastasise (US: metastasize) is for cancer to spread from where it started to another part of the body.
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