护理入学考试生物
方法
- 说出这道题的主题:细胞结构、物质运输、细胞分裂、DNA 与蛋白质合成、遗传、生物分子、微生物或实验设计。
- 回忆关键规则:A–T 和 G–C,扩散由高浓度向低浓度,水向溶质更多的一侧移动,有丝分裂保持而减数分裂减半染色体数目。
- 对于杂交,先写出亲本的基因型,列出配子,并填好庞尼特方格再计数。
- 对于实验,标出自变量、因变量和控制变量,并问一问证据是支持还是仅仅提示了结论。
- 把每个选项与所问的问题对照,而不是只看它是不是一句真话。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 8 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
成人脊柱的哪两个区段通常呈前凸(弯曲凹面朝向后方)?
难产时颈部受到牵拉,婴儿的手臂垂在身旁,呈内旋、前臂旋前(“侍者索小费”姿势)。臂丛的哪一部分受损?
心输出量等于心率乘以:
肾髓质中的浓度梯度主要由哪种机制产生?
Why does PCR use a DNA polymerase taken from bacteria that live in hot springs?
A single-celled organism has a nucleus, no cell wall and swims using cilia. In which group is it best placed?
A reaction has ΔH = −890 kJ/mol. What does the negative sign tell you?
5.85 g of NaCl (molar mass 58.5 g/mol) is dissolved to make 500 mL of solution. What is the molarity?
答案: A · 颈段和腰段
颈段和腰段呈前凸(继发弯曲)。胸段和骶段呈后凸(原发弯曲)。
答案: A · 上干(C5–C6)
埃尔布麻痹由上干(C5–C6)受牵拉引起,使三角肌、外旋肌和肱二头肌瘫痪。下干损伤(克隆普克麻痹)则累及手部小肌肉。
答案: D · 每搏输出量
CO = HR × SV。静息时约 70 次/分 × 70 mL ≈ 5 L/分。
答案: A · 髓袢的逆流倍增机制
升支主动把 NaCl 转运到间质而不让水随之移动,逆流使这种效应倍增成陡峭的梯度,ADH 随后利用该梯度浓缩尿液。
答案: A · It survives the high temperatures used to separate the strands
Each PCR cycle heats the mixture to separate the DNA strands. Most enzymes would denature, but polymerase from heat-loving bacteria (such as Taq polymerase) stays active through many cycles.
答案: C · Protists
A nucleus rules out bacteria. No cell wall rules out fungi and plants. Single-celled eukaryotes such as Paramecium, which swims with cilia, are classed as protists.
答案: A · The reaction is exothermic
A negative ΔH means the system loses energy to the surroundings, so the reaction is exothermic. A positive ΔH means energy is absorbed (endothermic). This value is for burning methane.
答案: B · 0.2 M
Moles = 5.85 ÷ 58.5 = 0.100 mol. Volume = 0.500 L. Molarity = 0.100 ÷ 0.500 = 0.2 M. Stopping at moles gives the wrong answer 0.1.
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