护理入学考试生物
方法
- 说出这道题的主题:细胞结构、物质运输、细胞分裂、DNA 与蛋白质合成、遗传、生物分子、微生物或实验设计。
- 回忆关键规则:A–T 和 G–C,扩散由高浓度向低浓度,水向溶质更多的一侧移动,有丝分裂保持而减数分裂减半染色体数目。
- 对于杂交,先写出亲本的基因型,列出配子,并填好庞尼特方格再计数。
- 对于实验,标出自变量、因变量和控制变量,并问一问证据是支持还是仅仅提示了结论。
- 把每个选项与所问的问题对照,而不是只看它是不是一句真话。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 8 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
成人的脊髓通常终止于哪里?
维生素 B12 和胆盐主要在小肠的哪一段吸收?
肺表面活性物质的主要功能是什么?
在长期主动脉瓣狭窄中,左心室如何适应?
What do the spindle fibres do during cell division?
A person's body temperature starts to fall in a cold room. Which responses help bring it back up?
A gas mixture contains nitrogen at 600 mmHg, oxygen at 150 mmHg and other gases at 10 mmHg. What is the total pressure?
At the top of a high mountain, air still contains about 21% oxygen. Why do climbers still get less oxygen with each breath?
答案: C · 大约在 L1–L2 椎骨水平
成人脊髓在 L1–L2 附近以脊髓圆锥终止。其下是马尾,所以腰椎穿刺在 L3–L4 或 L4–L5 进行。
答案: C · 回肠末端
回肠末端吸收维生素 B12(与内因子结合)并重吸收胆盐。十二指肠主要吸收铁。
答案: D · 降低肺泡的表面张力
表面活性物质由 II 型肺泡细胞产生,能降低表面张力,使肺泡不致塌陷,肺也更容易扩张。
答案: D · 向心性肥厚,室壁增厚
压力负荷过重使心室壁增厚(向心性肥厚),以维持正常的室壁应力。而容量负荷过重(如反流)则引起扩张。
答案: D · They attach to chromosomes and move them to the poles
Spindle fibres are microtubules that attach to the centromeres. They line chromosomes up at metaphase and then pull sister chromatids (or homologous chromosomes in meiosis I) to opposite poles.
答案: B · Shivering and narrowing of blood vessels in the skin
Shivering produces heat by rapid muscle contractions, and vasoconstriction in the skin reduces heat loss. Sweating and vasodilation are used when the body is too warm.
答案: B · 760 mmHg
Dalton's law of partial pressures: the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures, 600 + 150 + 10 = 760 mmHg.
答案: D · The total air pressure is lower, so the partial pressure of oxygen is lower
The oxygen fraction stays near 21%, but the total pressure is lower, so the oxygen partial pressure (0.21 × total pressure) falls. Less O₂ diffuses into the blood, which can cause altitude sickness.
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