护理入学考试生物
方法
- 说出这道题的主题:细胞结构、物质运输、细胞分裂、DNA 与蛋白质合成、遗传、生物分子、微生物或实验设计。
- 回忆关键规则:A–T 和 G–C,扩散由高浓度向低浓度,水向溶质更多的一侧移动,有丝分裂保持而减数分裂减半染色体数目。
- 对于杂交,先写出亲本的基因型,列出配子,并填好庞尼特方格再计数。
- 对于实验,标出自变量、因变量和控制变量,并问一问证据是支持还是仅仅提示了结论。
- 把每个选项与所问的问题对照,而不是只看它是不是一句真话。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 8 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
哪条神经支配膈肌?
腓骨颈处腓总神经损伤通常会导致:
肺活量是哪些肺容积之和?
为什么酮症酸中毒通常发生在未经治疗的 1 型糖尿病中,而在 2 型中很少见?
Clostridium tetani grows in deep puncture wounds but is killed by oxygen. How is this bacterium described?
Why is one new DNA strand made in short pieces (Okazaki fragments) during replication?
How many covalent bonds does a carbon atom usually form?
A nurse wipes a patient's arm with an alcohol swab and the patient says the skin feels cold. What explains this?
答案: D · 膈神经
膈神经(神经根 C3–C5)是膈肌的运动神经。因此 C3 以上的高位颈髓损伤会使自主呼吸停止。
答案: D · 足下垂
腓总神经支配足背屈肌和外翻肌。腓骨颈处损伤导致足下垂和跨阈步态。足底由胫神经支配。
答案: A · 潮气量、补吸气量和补呼气量
肺活量 = IRV + TV + ERV。它不包括始终留在肺内的残气量。
答案: C · 即使很低的胰岛素水平也能抑制脂肪分解和生酮
胰岛素强烈抑制脂肪分解和肝脏生成酮体。1 型糖尿病几乎没有胰岛素,因此脂肪酸大量涌入肝脏,酮体积聚。
答案: B · An obligate anaerobe
Obligate anaerobes cannot survive in oxygen, so they thrive in deep, airless wounds. Obligate aerobes need oxygen, and facultative anaerobes can grow with or without it.
答案: A · DNA polymerase works only 5' to 3', and the strands are antiparallel
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end. One strand (leading) is made continuously towards the fork, and the other (lagging) is made in short fragments that ligase later joins together.
答案: A · 4
Carbon has 4 valence electrons and shares 4 more by forming 4 bonds, as in CH₄. This is why carbon can build long chains and rings.
答案: D · The alcohol absorbs heat from the skin as it evaporates
Evaporation is endothermic: the alcohol takes the energy it needs to vaporise from the skin, lowering skin temperature. Sweating cools the body in the same way.
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