内外科护理：神经、内分泌与肾脏练习卷（附答案）

Which side effect of metformin is most common?

1. AGum overgrowth and a rash
2. BNausea and diarrhoea
3. CWeight gain and oedema
4. DA dry cough at night

一名有动静脉内瘘的患者说它不再“嗡嗡”作响了。护士应怎么做？

1. A紧急上报：内瘘可能已形成血栓
2. B测量该手臂的血压以检查血流
3. C安慰患者，说夜间这样是正常的
4. D用紧的绷带包扎以恢复血流

What happens in multiple sclerosis?

1. AMotor nerve cells slowly die without any inflammation
2. BThe immune system damages myelin in the brain and spinal cord
3. CAntibodies block signals at the junction between nerve and muscle
4. DA virus destroys the nerves in the arms and legs

一名患者醒来时出现卒中症状。他们 23:00 上床时一切正常，06:30 醒来。哪个时间被用作发病时间？

1. A23:00，即最后一次已知正常的时间
2. B06:30，即首次发现症状的时间
3. C到达医院的时间
4. D做 CT 扫描的时间

为什么在 DKA 静脉输注胰岛素时必须密切监测钾？

1. A胰岛素使肾脏潴留钾，因此血钾会上升
2. B胰岛素使钾进入细胞，因此血钾可能迅速下降
3. C在 DKA 中胰岛素对钾没有影响
4. D胰岛素在血液中分解钾

A patient takes levodopa for Parkinson's disease. Which teaching point is correct?

1. ALarge high-protein meals can reduce how well the drug works
2. BThe drug cures the disease if taken for a full year
3. CStop the drug for a day each week to avoid tolerance
4. DThe tablets work best taken with a large steak dinner

A patient with a head injury now has a blood pressure of 190/70 mmHg, a pulse of 48/min and irregular breathing. How should the nurse interpret this?

1. AA normal stress response to pain, anxiety and the noise of the ward
2. BNeurogenic shock from a spinal cord injury
3. CCushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
4. DHypovolaemic shock from internal bleeding

A patient with suspected meningitis has a GCS of 9 and pupils that have become unequal. A doctor plans an immediate lumbar puncture. What is the main concern?

1. ARaised pressure in the skull, so the procedure could cause herniation
2. BA lumbar puncture would spread the infection to the blood
3. CThe patient is too confused to stay still, so it is not needed
4. DThere is no concern, because the lumbar puncture lowers pressure safely