1.Human anatomyMedium
The rotator cuff consists of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and which other muscle?
- ALatissimus dorsi
- BDeltoid
- CSubscapularis
- DTeres major
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
A patient with a large aneurysm of the aortic arch develops hoarseness. Which nerve is most likely compressed?
- ALeft phrenic nerve
- BExternal laryngeal nerve
- CRight recurrent laryngeal nerve
- DLeft recurrent laryngeal nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
In which form is most carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
- ADissolved as CO₂ gas
- BBound to the haem iron
- CAs carbonic acid in platelets
- DAs bicarbonate ions in plasma
4.Human physiologyHard
Which spirometry finding is typical of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
- AFEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7
- BNormal FEV1 with low FVC
- CIncreased peak expiratory flow
- DFEV1/FVC ratio above 0.9 with low FVC
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Subscapularis
Why this is the answer
SITS: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis. Teres major is close by but is not part of the cuff.
Answer
C · Subscapularis
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Why this is the answer
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the aortic arch beside the ligamentum arteriosum. It supplies most laryngeal muscles, so compression causes hoarseness.
Answer
D · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · As bicarbonate ions in plasma
Why this is the answer
About 70% of CO₂ is carried as bicarbonate. Carbonic anhydrase in red cells converts CO₂ and water to carbonic acid, which dissociates into H⁺ and HCO₃⁻.
Answer
D · As bicarbonate ions in plasma
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7
Why this is the answer
Narrowed airways slow expiration, so FEV1 falls more than FVC and the ratio drops below 0.7. In COPD this is not fully reversed by bronchodilators.
Answer
A · FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7
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