1.Human anatomyMedium
Which structure produces most of the cerebrospinal fluid?
- AChoroid plexus
- BPia mater
- CArachnoid granulations
- DPineal gland
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
During a lumbar puncture, which ligament is the last one pierced before the needle enters the epidural space?
- APosterior longitudinal ligament
- BInterspinous ligament
- CLigamentum flavum
- DSupraspinous ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium
How does glucagon raise blood glucose?
- AIt stimulates glucose uptake by muscle
- BIt slows glucose absorption from the gut
- CIt stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
- DIt blocks insulin receptors on fat cells
4.Human physiologyHard
Which transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is key to building the medullary concentration gradient?
- AAquaporin-2 water channels
- BThe sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT2)
- CThe Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
- DThe epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Choroid plexus
Why this is the answer
The choroid plexus in the ventricles secretes most CSF. CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood through the arachnoid granulations.
Answer
A · Choroid plexus
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Ligamentum flavum
Why this is the answer
The needle passes skin, supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, then ligamentum flavum into the epidural space, then dura and arachnoid into the subarachnoid space.
Answer
C · Ligamentum flavum
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
Why this is the answer
Glucagon from alpha cells acts on the liver to break down glycogen and make new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
Answer
C · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
Why this is the answer
NKCC2 moves Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ out of the tubule into the interstitium without water, building the medullary gradient. Loop diuretics such as furosemide block it.
Answer
C · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
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