Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which two regions of the adult spine normally show a lordosis (curve concave towards the back)?

  1. AThoracic and sacral
  2. BCervical and lumbar
  3. CThoracic and lumbar
  4. DCervical and thoracic
2.Human anatomyHard

In the femoral triangle, what is the order of the main structures from lateral to medial?

  1. AFemoral nerve, femoral vein, femoral artery
  2. BFemoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein
  3. CFemoral vein, femoral artery, femoral nerve
  4. DFemoral artery, femoral nerve, femoral vein
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is anatomical dead space?

  1. AThe air that stays in the lungs after full exhalation (residual volume)
  2. BAlveoli that have collapsed completely
  3. CThe space between the two pleural layers
  4. DThe volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens
4.Human physiologyHard

A healthy person stands up quickly after lying down. Which reflex response prevents fainting?

  1. AADH release immediately doubles blood volume
  2. BThe Bainbridge reflex lowers heart rate
  3. CThe chemoreceptor reflex raises breathing rate and arterial oxygen levels
  4. DThe baroreceptor reflex raises heart rate and vasoconstriction

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Cervical and lumbar

Why this is the answer

The cervical and lumbar regions are lordotic (secondary curves). The thoracic and sacral regions are kyphotic (primary curves).

Answer

B · Cervical and lumbar
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein

Why this is the answer

From lateral to medial: nerve, artery, vein, then empty space and lymphatics (NAVEL). This is why the femoral artery pulse lies between the nerve and vein.

Answer

B · Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · The volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens

Why this is the answer

Anatomical dead space (about 150 ml) is air in the nose, trachea and bronchi. It is moved with every breath but never reaches the alveoli.

Answer

D · The volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange happens
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · The baroreceptor reflex raises heart rate and vasoconstriction

Why this is the answer

Blood pools in the legs and pressure falls; baroreceptors fire less, which increases sympathetic and decreases vagal activity within seconds, raising heart rate and vascular tone.

Answer

D · The baroreceptor reflex raises heart rate and vasoconstriction

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