1.Human anatomyMedium
Which layer of the heart wall contains the cardiac muscle?
- AMyocardium
- BEpicardium
- CPericardium
- DEndocardium
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
Injury to the common fibular (peroneal) nerve at the neck of the fibula typically causes:
- ALoss of sensation on the sole of the foot
- BWeak hip abduction
- CFoot drop
- DInability to flex the knee
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which receptors respond mainly to a fall in arterial oxygen levels?
- ACentral chemoreceptors in the medulla
- BPeripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
- CBaroreceptors in the carotid sinus
- DStretch receptors in the lungs
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does left ventricular failure cause pulmonary oedema?
- AThe bronchial arteries become blocked
- BThe right ventricle pumps less blood into the lungs
- CPlasma oncotic pressure in the lungs rises sharply
- DRaised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Myocardium
Why this is the answer
The myocardium is the thick muscular middle layer. The endocardium lines the chambers and the epicardium covers the outside.
Answer
A · Myocardium
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Foot drop
Why this is the answer
The common fibular nerve supplies the dorsiflexors and evertors. Damage at the fibular neck causes foot drop and a high-stepping gait. The sole is supplied by the tibial nerve.
Answer
C · Foot drop
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
Why this is the answer
The carotid and aortic bodies detect low PaO₂ (and also high CO₂ and H⁺). The central chemoreceptors respond to CO₂ but not directly to oxygen.
Answer
B · Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
Why this is the answer
A failing left ventricle backs up pressure into the left atrium and pulmonary veins. High capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the lung interstitium and alveoli.
Answer
D · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
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