Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which cranial nerve controls movement of the tongue?

  1. AVagus nerve (X)
  2. BHypoglossal nerve (XII)
  3. CFacial nerve (VII)
  4. DGlossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
2.Human anatomyHard

A patient cannot abduct the arm beyond about 15° after a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus, and has numbness over the lateral shoulder. Which nerve is most likely injured?

  1. ALong thoracic nerve
  2. BRadial nerve
  3. CSuprascapular nerve
  4. DAxillary nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is the main effect of aldosterone on the kidney?

  1. ASodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron
  2. BIncreased filtration in the glomerulus
  3. CWater reabsorption by inserting aquaporins only
  4. DGlucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule
4.Human physiologyHard

Which spirometry finding is typical of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

  1. AFEV1/FVC ratio above 0.9 with low FVC
  2. BNormal FEV1 with low FVC
  3. CFEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7
  4. DIncreased peak expiratory flow

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Why this is the answer

The hypoglossal nerve supplies the intrinsic and most extrinsic tongue muscles. A lesion makes the protruded tongue deviate towards the affected side.

Answer

B · Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Axillary nerve

Why this is the answer

The axillary nerve wraps around the surgical neck of the humerus. It supplies deltoid and teres minor and the skin over the lateral shoulder ("regimental badge" area).

Answer

D · Axillary nerve
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron

Why this is the answer

Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct to increase Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion. Water follows the sodium, raising blood volume.

Answer

A · Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7

Why this is the answer

Narrowed airways slow expiration, so FEV1 falls more than FVC and the ratio drops below 0.7. In COPD this is not fully reversed by bronchodilators.

Answer

C · FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7

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