Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which of these organs is retroperitoneal?

  1. AStomach
  2. BTransverse colon
  3. CKidney
  4. DSpleen
2.Human anatomyHard

During a lumbar puncture, which ligament is the last one pierced before the needle enters the epidural space?

  1. AInterspinous ligament
  2. BLigamentum flavum
  3. CSupraspinous ligament
  4. DPosterior longitudinal ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium

Besides lowering glucose, insulin moves which ion into cells, an effect used to treat hyperkalaemia?

  1. ASodium
  2. BChloride
  3. CCalcium
  4. DPotassium
4.Human physiologyHard

Why is severe hyperkalaemia dangerous for the heart?

  1. AIt speeds up the SA node until tachycardia causes fainting
  2. BIt hyperpolarises cardiac cells, so they can never fire
  3. CIt depolarises cardiac cells, inactivating sodium channels and causing arrhythmias
  4. DIt blocks the binding of calcium to troponin

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Kidney

Why this is the answer

The kidneys lie behind the parietal peritoneum. The stomach, spleen and transverse colon are intraperitoneal and have a mesentery or ligaments.

Answer

C · Kidney
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Ligamentum flavum

Why this is the answer

The needle passes skin, supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, then ligamentum flavum into the epidural space, then dura and arachnoid into the subarachnoid space.

Answer

B · Ligamentum flavum
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · Potassium

Why this is the answer

Insulin stimulates the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and shifts potassium into cells. Insulin with glucose is therefore used to lower dangerously high plasma potassium.

Answer

D · Potassium
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · It depolarises cardiac cells, inactivating sodium channels and causing arrhythmias

Why this is the answer

High extracellular potassium makes the resting potential less negative. Many fast sodium channels then become inactivated, slowing conduction and risking fatal arrhythmias.

Answer

C · It depolarises cardiac cells, inactivating sodium channels and causing arrhythmias

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