Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which part of the adrenal gland secretes adrenaline?

  1. AZona glomerulosa
  2. BAdrenal medulla
  3. CZona reticularis
  4. DZona fasciculata
2.Human anatomyHard

A typical posterolateral disc herniation between L4 and L5 most often compresses which nerve root?

  1. AL4
  2. BL5
  3. CS1
  4. DL3
3.Human physiologyMedium

How does glucagon raise blood glucose?

  1. AIt slows glucose absorption from the gut
  2. BIt stimulates glucose uptake by muscle
  3. CIt stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
  4. DIt blocks insulin receptors on fat cells
4.Human physiologyHard

In a patient with primary hypothyroidism, you would expect:

  1. ALow TSH and low free T4
  2. BHigh TSH and low free T4
  3. CLow TSH and high free T4
  4. DHigh TSH and high free T4

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Adrenal medulla

Why this is the answer

The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to sympathetic stimulation. The three zones of the cortex make steroid hormones.

Answer

B · Adrenal medulla
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · L5

Why this is the answer

A posterolateral L4–L5 herniation usually catches the traversing L5 root, causing weakness of big toe extension and numbness on the top of the foot.

Answer

B · L5
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver

Why this is the answer

Glucagon from alpha cells acts on the liver to break down glycogen and make new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Answer

C · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · High TSH and low free T4

Why this is the answer

When the thyroid fails, low T4 removes negative feedback and the pituitary raises TSH. Low TSH with low T4 would point to secondary (pituitary) hypothyroidism.

Answer

B · High TSH and low free T4

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