Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

  1. ATricuspid valve
  2. BAortic valve
  3. CPulmonary valve
  4. DMitral (bicuspid) valve
2.Human anatomyHard

Which ligament of the knee prevents the tibia from sliding forward relative to the femur?

  1. AAnterior cruciate ligament
  2. BMedial collateral ligament
  3. CPatellar ligament
  4. DPosterior cruciate ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is the main stimulus for breathing in a healthy person?

  1. AA rise in blood glucose
  2. BA fall in arterial O₂
  3. CA rise in arterial CO₂
  4. DA fall in blood pH caused by lactate only
4.Human physiologyHard

Which mechanism mainly creates the concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney?

  1. ASecretion of urea into the proximal tubule
  2. BADH acting on the descending limb
  3. CGlomerular filtration
  4. DThe countercurrent multiplier of the loop of Henle

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Why this is the answer

The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the tricuspid valve does the same on the right side.

Answer

D · Mitral (bicuspid) valve
2.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Anterior cruciate ligament

Why this is the answer

The anterior cruciate ligament limits anterior translation of the tibia; a positive anterior drawer or Lachman test suggests an ACL tear.

Answer

A · Anterior cruciate ligament
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · A rise in arterial CO₂

Why this is the answer

Central chemoreceptors respond to CO₂ (through the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid). Low O₂ adds strongly to the drive only when PaO₂ falls well below normal, for example at high altitude.

Answer

C · A rise in arterial CO₂
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · The countercurrent multiplier of the loop of Henle

Why this is the answer

The ascending limb actively transports NaCl into the interstitium without letting water follow, and the countercurrent flow multiplies this into a steep gradient that ADH then uses to concentrate urine.

Answer

D · The countercurrent multiplier of the loop of Henle

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