Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which two regions of the adult spine normally show a lordosis (curve concave towards the back)?

  1. ACervical and lumbar
  2. BThoracic and lumbar
  3. CThoracic and sacral
  4. DCervical and thoracic
2.Human anatomyHard

A patient with a large aneurysm of the aortic arch develops hoarseness. Which nerve is most likely compressed?

  1. ALeft recurrent laryngeal nerve
  2. BLeft phrenic nerve
  3. CExternal laryngeal nerve
  4. DRight recurrent laryngeal nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium

Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by:

  1. AStroke volume
  2. BBlood pressure
  3. CPeripheral resistance
  4. DEjection fraction
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does ketoacidosis typically develop in untreated type 1 diabetes but rarely in type 2?

  1. AKetones are only made in children
  2. BType 2 patients cannot make ketones at all
  3. CType 1 patients have more glucagon receptors
  4. DEven low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Cervical and lumbar

Why this is the answer

The cervical and lumbar regions are lordotic (secondary curves). The thoracic and sacral regions are kyphotic (primary curves).

Answer

A · Cervical and lumbar
2.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Why this is the answer

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the aortic arch beside the ligamentum arteriosum. It supplies most laryngeal muscles, so compression causes hoarseness.

Answer

A · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · Stroke volume

Why this is the answer

CO = HR × SV. At rest about 70 beats/min × 70 mL ≈ 5 L/min.

Answer

A · Stroke volume
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

Why this is the answer

Insulin strongly inhibits lipolysis and hepatic ketone production. In type 1 there is almost no insulin, so fatty acids flood the liver and ketones build up.

Answer

D · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis

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