1.Human anatomyMedium
Which type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
- APseudostratified columnar epithelium
- BSimple squamous epithelium
- CSimple columnar epithelium
- DTransitional epithelium (urothelium)
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
A stab wound cuts the left half of the spinal cord at T10. Which pattern of loss is expected below the lesion?
- ALoss of pain and temperature on both sides only
- BLoss of all sensation and movement on the left only
- CLeft-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
- DRight-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, left-sided loss of pain and temperature
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which hormonal event triggers ovulation?
- AA rise in progesterone from the corpus luteum
- BA surge of prolactin
- CA surge of luteinising hormone (LH)
- DA fall in oestrogen
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does left ventricular failure cause pulmonary oedema?
- APlasma oncotic pressure in the lungs rises sharply
- BRaised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
- CThe bronchial arteries become blocked
- DThe right ventricle pumps less blood into the lungs
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
Why this is the answer
Transitional epithelium can change shape from rounded to flattened cells as the bladder stretches, while staying watertight.
Answer
D · Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Left-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
Why this is the answer
In Brown-Séquard syndrome the corticospinal tract and dorsal columns are lost on the same side, while the spinothalamic tract, which crosses near entry, causes contralateral pain and temperature loss.
Answer
C · Left-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · A surge of luteinising hormone (LH)
Why this is the answer
Rising oestrogen from the dominant follicle triggers an LH surge from the anterior pituitary, which causes ovulation about a day later.
Answer
C · A surge of luteinising hormone (LH)
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
Why this is the answer
A failing left ventricle backs up pressure into the left atrium and pulmonary veins. High capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the lung interstitium and alveoli.
Answer
B · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
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