1.Human anatomyMedium
Where does the spinal cord normally end in an adult?
- AAt the coccyx
- BAt about the level of T10
- CAt the level of the sacrum
- DAt about the level of vertebrae L1–L2
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
A patient with a large aneurysm of the aortic arch develops hoarseness. Which nerve is most likely compressed?
- ARight recurrent laryngeal nerve
- BLeft phrenic nerve
- CExternal laryngeal nerve
- DLeft recurrent laryngeal nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
The Frank–Starling mechanism describes that:
- AThe atria contract after the ventricles
- BStroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
- CContractility falls when temperature rises
- DHeart rate rises when arterial blood pressure falls suddenly
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does ketoacidosis typically develop in untreated type 1 diabetes but rarely in type 2?
- AType 1 patients have more glucagon receptors
- BKetones are only made in children
- CEven low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
- DType 2 patients cannot make ketones at all
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · At about the level of vertebrae L1–L2
Why this is the answer
In adults the cord ends at the conus medullaris near L1–L2. Below that lies the cauda equina, which is why lumbar punctures are done at L3–L4 or L4–L5.
Answer
D · At about the level of vertebrae L1–L2
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Why this is the answer
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the aortic arch beside the ligamentum arteriosum. It supplies most laryngeal muscles, so compression causes hoarseness.
Answer
D · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
Why this is the answer
Greater end-diastolic volume stretches the myocardium, which increases the force of contraction and the stroke volume, matching output to venous return.
Answer
B · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
Why this is the answer
Insulin strongly inhibits lipolysis and hepatic ketone production. In type 1 there is almost no insulin, so fatty acids flood the liver and ketones build up.
Answer
C · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
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