Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which part of the adrenal gland secretes adrenaline?

  1. AZona fasciculata
  2. BZona reticularis
  3. CAdrenal medulla
  4. DZona glomerulosa
2.Human anatomyHard

In portal hypertension, oesophageal varices form at which portosystemic anastomosis?

  1. ABetween the paraumbilical veins and the epigastric veins
  2. BBetween the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
  3. CBetween the splenic vein and the left renal vein
  4. DBetween the superior rectal and middle rectal veins
3.Human physiologyMedium

Why does glucose appear in the urine in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?

  1. AThe glomerulus stops filtering glucose
  2. BInsulin is needed for glucose reabsorption in the tubule
  3. CThe filtered load exceeds the tubular transport maximum
  4. DThe collecting duct actively secretes glucose
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does a person with a high spinal cord injury above T1 risk low blood pressure?

  1. AThe sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off
  2. BRenin release from the kidney stops completely
  3. CThe phrenic nerve can no longer control the tone of the arteries
  4. DThe vagus nerve is cut, so the heart rate rises

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Adrenal medulla

Why this is the answer

The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to sympathetic stimulation. The three zones of the cortex make steroid hormones.

Answer

C · Adrenal medulla
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein

Why this is the answer

At the lower oesophagus, portal blood in the left gastric vein meets systemic blood in the oesophageal veins draining to the azygos system. High portal pressure dilates these veins.

Answer

B · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · The filtered load exceeds the tubular transport maximum

Why this is the answer

Proximal tubule SGLT carriers can reabsorb only so much glucose. When plasma glucose is high, the filtered load exceeds this maximum and the excess is excreted.

Answer

C · The filtered load exceeds the tubular transport maximum
4.Human physiology

Answer: A · The sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off

Why this is the answer

Sympathetic outflow leaves the cord at T1–L2. A lesion above it removes vasomotor tone and cardiac sympathetic drive while the vagus still works, causing hypotension and bradycardia (neurogenic shock).

Answer

A · The sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off

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