Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which cranial nerve controls most of the muscles of facial expression?

  1. ATrigeminal nerve (V)
  2. BOculomotor nerve (III)
  3. CFacial nerve (VII)
  4. DHypoglossal nerve (XII)
2.Human anatomyHard

Why can an inflamed gallbladder that irritates the diaphragm cause pain at the tip of the right shoulder?

  1. AThe vagus nerve supplies the skin of the shoulder
  2. BThe phrenic nerve shares spinal segments C3–C5 with the skin of the shoulder
  3. CBile travels up the lymphatics to the shoulder
  4. DThe gallbladder is attached to the right clavicle
3.Human physiologyMedium

According to Poiseuille's law, if the radius of an arteriole halves, its resistance to flow:

  1. AHalves
  2. BDoubles
  3. CIncreases about 16-fold
  4. DIncreases 4-fold
4.Human physiologyHard

A healthy person stands up quickly after lying down. Which reflex response prevents fainting?

  1. AThe chemoreceptor reflex raises breathing rate and arterial oxygen levels
  2. BThe Bainbridge reflex lowers heart rate
  3. CADH release immediately doubles blood volume
  4. DThe baroreceptor reflex raises heart rate and vasoconstriction

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Facial nerve (VII)

Why this is the answer

The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) supplies the muscles of facial expression. Damage causes facial palsy, as in Bell's palsy.

Answer

C · Facial nerve (VII)
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · The phrenic nerve shares spinal segments C3–C5 with the skin of the shoulder

Why this is the answer

Diaphragmatic irritation is carried by the phrenic nerve (C3–C5). The brain refers it to skin supplied by the same segments, via the supraclavicular nerves over the shoulder.

Answer

B · The phrenic nerve shares spinal segments C3–C5 with the skin of the shoulder
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · Increases about 16-fold

Why this is the answer

Resistance is proportional to 1/r⁴, so halving the radius raises resistance by 2⁴ = 16. This is why small changes in arteriole diameter control blood flow so strongly.

Answer

C · Increases about 16-fold
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · The baroreceptor reflex raises heart rate and vasoconstriction

Why this is the answer

Blood pools in the legs and pressure falls; baroreceptors fire less, which increases sympathetic and decreases vagal activity within seconds, raising heart rate and vascular tone.

Answer

D · The baroreceptor reflex raises heart rate and vasoconstriction

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