Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which part of the brain is chiefly responsible for coordination and balance?

  1. AHypothalamus
  2. BMedulla oblongata
  3. CCerebellum
  4. DThalamus
2.Human anatomyHard

A footballer takes a blow to the outside of the planted knee. Which combination of injuries is classically called the "unhappy triad"?

  1. AMedial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament and patella
  2. BPosterior cruciate ligament, lateral collateral ligament and lateral meniscus
  3. CAnterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament and patellar ligament
  4. DAnterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is the main stimulus for breathing in a healthy person?

  1. AA rise in arterial CO₂
  2. BA rise in blood glucose
  3. CA fall in blood pH caused by lactate only
  4. DA fall in arterial O₂
4.Human physiologyHard

Spirometry shows reduced FEV1 and reduced FVC, with a normal or high FEV1/FVC ratio. What pattern is this?

  1. AA normal result in an older adult
  2. BA restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis
  3. CAn obstructive pattern, as in asthma
  4. DAn obstructive pattern, as in emphysema or chronic bronchitis

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Cerebellum

Why this is the answer

The cerebellum fine-tunes movement, posture and balance. Damage causes ataxia and an unsteady gait.

Answer

C · Cerebellum
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus

Why this is the answer

A valgus force with rotation tears the MCL, the ACL and the medial meniscus, which is firmly attached to the MCL.

Answer

D · Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · A rise in arterial CO₂

Why this is the answer

Central chemoreceptors respond to CO₂ (through the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid). Low O₂ adds strongly to the drive only when PaO₂ falls well below normal, for example at high altitude.

Answer

A · A rise in arterial CO₂
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · A restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis

Why this is the answer

In restrictive disease the lungs are small or stiff, so both FEV1 and FVC fall but the ratio is preserved. Obstruction lowers FEV1 more than FVC.

Answer

B · A restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis

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