Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which cranial nerve controls most of the muscles of facial expression?

  1. AOculomotor nerve (III)
  2. BFacial nerve (VII)
  3. CHypoglossal nerve (XII)
  4. DTrigeminal nerve (V)
2.Human anatomyHard

During a lumbar puncture, which ligament is the last one pierced before the needle enters the epidural space?

  1. APosterior longitudinal ligament
  2. BInterspinous ligament
  3. CLigamentum flavum
  4. DSupraspinous ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium

Which protein forms the mesh that stabilises a blood clot?

  1. ACollagen
  2. BFibrin
  3. CThrombin
  4. DAlbumin
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does breathing 100% oxygen correct hypoxaemia from a true right-to-left shunt only poorly?

  1. AShunted blood is already fully saturated
  2. BThe shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
  3. CPure oxygen damages haemoglobin
  4. DThe extra oxygen is all exhaled as CO₂

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Facial nerve (VII)

Why this is the answer

The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) supplies the muscles of facial expression. Damage causes facial palsy, as in Bell's palsy.

Answer

B · Facial nerve (VII)
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Ligamentum flavum

Why this is the answer

The needle passes skin, supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, then ligamentum flavum into the epidural space, then dura and arachnoid into the subarachnoid space.

Answer

C · Ligamentum flavum
3.Human physiology

Answer: B · Fibrin

Why this is the answer

Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands, which bind the platelet plug and trap red cells to form a stable clot.

Answer

B · Fibrin
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas

Why this is the answer

Shunted blood bypasses ventilated alveoli and mixes deoxygenated blood into arterial blood. Extra inspired oxygen cannot reach it, unlike in V/Q mismatch or hypoventilation.

Answer

B · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas

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