Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which artery supplies most of the anterior wall of the left ventricle and the front of the interventricular septum?

  1. APosterior descending artery
  2. BLeft anterior descending artery
  3. CCircumflex artery
  4. DRight coronary artery
2.Human anatomyHard

After a difficult delivery with traction on the neck, a baby's arm hangs by the side, internally rotated with the forearm pronated ("waiter's tip"). Which part of the brachial plexus is injured?

  1. AUpper trunk (C5–C6)
  2. BLower trunk (C8–T1)
  3. CPosterior cord
  4. DMedial cord
3.Human physiologyMedium

Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by:

  1. ABlood pressure
  2. BEjection fraction
  3. CPeripheral resistance
  4. DStroke volume
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does left ventricular failure cause pulmonary oedema?

  1. APlasma oncotic pressure in the lungs rises sharply
  2. BRaised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
  3. CThe right ventricle pumps less blood into the lungs
  4. DThe bronchial arteries become blocked

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Left anterior descending artery

Why this is the answer

The left anterior descending (anterior interventricular) artery supplies the anterior left ventricle and the anterior two thirds of the septum. Its blockage causes an anterior infarct.

Answer

B · Left anterior descending artery
2.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Upper trunk (C5–C6)

Why this is the answer

Erb's palsy follows stretching of the upper trunk (C5–C6), paralysing deltoid, the external rotators and biceps. Lower trunk injury (Klumpke's) affects the small hand muscles instead.

Answer

A · Upper trunk (C5–C6)
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · Stroke volume

Why this is the answer

CO = HR × SV. At rest about 70 beats/min × 70 mL ≈ 5 L/min.

Answer

D · Stroke volume
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure

Why this is the answer

A failing left ventricle backs up pressure into the left atrium and pulmonary veins. High capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the lung interstitium and alveoli.

Answer

B · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure

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