Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which cranial nerve supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?

  1. AAccessory nerve (XI)
  2. BVagus nerve (X)
  3. CFacial nerve (VII)
  4. DHypoglossal nerve (XII)
2.Human anatomyHard

Which structure is found in the posterior mediastinum?

  1. AAscending aorta
  2. BHeart
  3. CThymus
  4. DOesophagus
3.Human physiologyMedium

What causes the first heart sound (S1)?

  1. AClosure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
  2. BClosure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
  3. CBlood filling the atria
  4. DOpening of the aortic valve
4.Human physiologyHard

A patient with diabetic ketoacidosis breathes deeply and rapidly. What pattern is expected on the blood gas?

  1. ALow pH, low bicarbonate and low PaCO₂
  2. BLow pH, high bicarbonate and high PaCO₂
  3. CLow pH, normal bicarbonate and high PaCO₂
  4. DHigh pH, low bicarbonate and low PaCO₂

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Accessory nerve (XI)

Why this is the answer

The accessory nerve (XI) supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. Damage weakens head turning and shoulder shrugging.

Answer

A · Accessory nerve (XI)
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Oesophagus

Why this is the answer

The posterior mediastinum contains the oesophagus, descending aorta, azygos veins and thoracic duct. The heart and ascending aorta are in the middle mediastinum; the thymus is in the superior and anterior mediastinum.

Answer

D · Oesophagus
3.Human physiology

Answer: B · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves

Why this is the answer

S1 ("lub") is caused by closure of the atrioventricular valves at the start of systole. S2 ("dub") is closure of the semilunar valves.

Answer

B · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
4.Human physiology

Answer: A · Low pH, low bicarbonate and low PaCO₂

Why this is the answer

Ketoacids consume bicarbonate, causing metabolic acidosis. Kussmaul breathing lowers PaCO₂ as respiratory compensation.

Answer

A · Low pH, low bicarbonate and low PaCO₂

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