Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

In which structure do sperm mature and get stored after leaving the testis?

  1. AProstate gland
  2. BSeminiferous tubules
  3. CSeminal vesicle
  4. DEpididymis
2.Human anatomyHard

When inserting a chest drain or needle into the pleural space, why is it placed just above the upper border of a rib?

  1. AThe intercostal muscles are absent above each rib
  2. BThe lung does not reach the area above each rib
  3. CThe intercostal vein, artery and nerve run along the lower border of each rib
  4. DThe pleura is thickest just above each rib
3.Human physiologyMedium

Why can cardiac muscle not be tetanised like skeletal muscle?

  1. AIt has no calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. BIt is controlled only by hormones
  3. CIts long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
  4. DIt is not striated
4.Human physiologyHard

In the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, where is angiotensin I mainly converted to angiotensin II?

  1. AIn the liver
  2. BIn the adrenal cortex
  3. CIn the lungs
  4. DIn the kidneys' juxtaglomerular cells

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Epididymis

Why this is the answer

Sperm are made in the seminiferous tubules and then mature and are stored in the epididymis before passing into the ductus deferens.

Answer

D · Epididymis
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · The intercostal vein, artery and nerve run along the lower border of each rib

Why this is the answer

The intercostal neurovascular bundle (vein, artery, nerve from above down) lies in the costal groove under each rib. Going just above the rib below avoids it.

Answer

C · The intercostal vein, artery and nerve run along the lower border of each rib
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · Its long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction

Why this is the answer

The plateau of the cardiac action potential gives a long refractory period, so the muscle relaxes before it can be excited again. This allows the heart to refill.

Answer

C · Its long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · In the lungs

Why this is the answer

Renin (kidney) cleaves angiotensinogen (liver) to angiotensin I, which ACE, mainly on pulmonary capillary endothelium, converts to angiotensin II.

Answer

C · In the lungs

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