Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which muscle group on the front of the thigh extends the knee?

  1. AAdductors
  2. BQuadriceps femoris
  3. CGluteal muscles
  4. DHamstrings
2.Human anatomyHard

A footballer takes a blow to the outside of the planted knee. Which combination of injuries is classically called the "unhappy triad"?

  1. APosterior cruciate ligament, lateral collateral ligament and lateral meniscus
  2. BAnterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament and patellar ligament
  3. CMedial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament and patella
  4. DAnterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
3.Human physiologyMedium

Which hormonal event triggers ovulation?

  1. AA rise in progesterone from the corpus luteum
  2. BA fall in oestrogen
  3. CA surge of prolactin
  4. DA surge of luteinising hormone (LH)
4.Human physiologyHard

Which combination of signs is expected in a patient in early hypovolaemic shock after major bleeding?

  1. ABradycardia, cool pale skin and high urine output
  2. BBradycardia, warm flushed skin and high urine output
  3. CTachycardia, warm flushed skin and high urine output
  4. DTachycardia, cool pale skin and reduced urine output

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Quadriceps femoris

Why this is the answer

Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris and three vasti) extends the knee through the patellar ligament. The hamstrings flex it.

Answer

B · Quadriceps femoris
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus

Why this is the answer

A valgus force with rotation tears the MCL, the ACL and the medial meniscus, which is firmly attached to the MCL.

Answer

D · Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · A surge of luteinising hormone (LH)

Why this is the answer

Rising oestrogen from the dominant follicle triggers an LH surge from the anterior pituitary, which causes ovulation about a day later.

Answer

D · A surge of luteinising hormone (LH)
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · Tachycardia, cool pale skin and reduced urine output

Why this is the answer

Baroreceptor-driven sympathetic activation raises heart rate and constricts skin vessels. Reduced renal perfusion, ADH and aldosterone lower urine output.

Answer

D · Tachycardia, cool pale skin and reduced urine output

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