1.Human anatomyMedium
Which two regions of the adult spine normally show a lordosis (curve concave towards the back)?
- ACervical and lumbar
- BCervical and thoracic
- CThoracic and lumbar
- DThoracic and sacral
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
Which coronary artery most often supplies the sinoatrial (SA) node?
- ACircumflex artery
- BLeft anterior descending artery
- CLeft main coronary artery
- DRight coronary artery
3.Human physiologyMedium
In skeletal muscle, where does most of the calcium for contraction come from?
- AThe sarcoplasmic reticulum
- BThe mitochondria
- CThe extracellular fluid
- DThe nucleus
4.Human physiologyHard
Which transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is key to building the medullary concentration gradient?
- AThe Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
- BThe epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)
- CThe sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT2)
- DAquaporin-2 water channels
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Cervical and lumbar
Why this is the answer
The cervical and lumbar regions are lordotic (secondary curves). The thoracic and sacral regions are kyphotic (primary curves).
Answer
A · Cervical and lumbar
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Right coronary artery
Why this is the answer
The SA nodal artery arises from the right coronary artery in roughly 60% of people and from the circumflex artery in the rest.
Answer
D · Right coronary artery
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · The sarcoplasmic reticulum
Why this is the answer
Depolarisation of the T-tubules opens ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, releasing stored calcium into the cytoplasm.
Answer
A · The sarcoplasmic reticulum
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
Why this is the answer
NKCC2 moves Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ out of the tubule into the interstitium without water, building the medullary gradient. Loop diuretics such as furosemide block it.
Answer
A · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
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