1.Human anatomyMedium
Which cranial nerve supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?
- AVagus nerve (X)
- BAccessory nerve (XI)
- CFacial nerve (VII)
- DHypoglossal nerve (XII)
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
Which muscle "unlocks" the fully extended knee by rotating the femur laterally on the tibia at the start of flexion?
- ASartorius
- BGastrocnemius
- CBiceps femoris
- DPopliteus
3.Human physiologyMedium
How does glucagon raise blood glucose?
- AIt slows glucose absorption from the gut
- BIt stimulates glucose uptake by muscle
- CIt blocks insulin receptors on fat cells
- DIt stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin?
- AIt contains more iron per haem
- BFetal blood has a higher pH
- CIt binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
- DIt has five subunits instead of four
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Accessory nerve (XI)
Why this is the answer
The accessory nerve (XI) supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. Damage weakens head turning and shoulder shrugging.
Answer
B · Accessory nerve (XI)
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Popliteus
Why this is the answer
At full extension the knee locks by medial rotation of the femur. Popliteus laterally rotates the femur on the fixed tibia to unlock it so flexion can begin.
Answer
D · Popliteus
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
Why this is the answer
Glucagon from alpha cells acts on the liver to break down glycogen and make new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
Answer
D · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · It binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
Why this is the answer
The gamma chains of HbF bind 2,3-BPG poorly, so the curve is shifted left. This lets fetal blood take oxygen from maternal blood in the placenta.
Answer
C · It binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
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