Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which part of the adrenal gland secretes adrenaline?

  1. AAdrenal medulla
  2. BZona glomerulosa
  3. CZona fasciculata
  4. DZona reticularis
2.Human anatomyHard

Which ligament of the knee prevents the tibia from sliding forward relative to the femur?

  1. AMedial collateral ligament
  2. BAnterior cruciate ligament
  3. CPatellar ligament
  4. DPosterior cruciate ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium

What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?

  1. AVentricular repolarisation
  2. BAtrial depolarisation
  3. CVentricular depolarisation
  4. DAtrial repolarisation
4.Human physiologyHard

Hodgkin and Huxley's classic studies of the ionic basis of the action potential used which preparation?

  1. AThe squid giant axon
  2. BThe cat spinal cord
  3. CThe frog sciatic nerve–muscle preparation
  4. DCultured human cortical neurons

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Adrenal medulla

Why this is the answer

The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to sympathetic stimulation. The three zones of the cortex make steroid hormones.

Answer

A · Adrenal medulla
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Anterior cruciate ligament

Why this is the answer

The anterior cruciate ligament limits anterior translation of the tibia; a positive anterior drawer or Lachman test suggests an ACL tear.

Answer

B · Anterior cruciate ligament
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · Ventricular depolarisation

Why this is the answer

The P wave is atrial depolarisation, the QRS complex ventricular depolarisation and the T wave ventricular repolarisation. Atrial repolarisation is hidden in the QRS.

Answer

C · Ventricular depolarisation
4.Human physiology

Answer: A · The squid giant axon

Why this is the answer

The squid giant axon is up to about 1 mm wide, so voltage-clamp electrodes could be inserted. This showed that sodium inflow and potassium outflow produce the action potential.

Answer

A · The squid giant axon

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