1.Human anatomyMedium
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?
- APhrenic nerve
- BIntercostal nerves
- CVagus nerve
- DAccessory nerve
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
A tumour at the apex of the lung causes drooping of the eyelid, a small pupil and loss of sweating on the same side of the face. Which pathway is disrupted?
- AOculomotor nerve
- BFacial nerve
- CParasympathetic fibres of the vagus
- DCervical sympathetic chain
3.Human physiologyMedium
How does glucagon raise blood glucose?
- AIt slows glucose absorption from the gut
- BIt blocks insulin receptors on fat cells
- CIt stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
- DIt stimulates glucose uptake by muscle
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does left ventricular failure cause pulmonary oedema?
- AThe bronchial arteries become blocked
- BPlasma oncotic pressure in the lungs rises sharply
- CThe right ventricle pumps less blood into the lungs
- DRaised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Phrenic nerve
Why this is the answer
The phrenic nerve (roots C3–C5) is the motor supply to the diaphragm. High cervical cord injury above C3 therefore stops spontaneous breathing.
Answer
A · Phrenic nerve
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Cervical sympathetic chain
Why this is the answer
This is Horner's syndrome: ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis from interruption of sympathetic fibres, here by an apical (Pancoast) tumour pressing on the sympathetic chain.
Answer
D · Cervical sympathetic chain
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
Why this is the answer
Glucagon from alpha cells acts on the liver to break down glycogen and make new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
Answer
C · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
Why this is the answer
A failing left ventricle backs up pressure into the left atrium and pulmonary veins. High capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the lung interstitium and alveoli.
Answer
D · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
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