Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which part of the stomach connects to the duodenum?

  1. ACardia
  2. BPylorus
  3. CFundus
  4. DBody
2.Human anatomyHard

Where does the thoracic duct usually empty its lymph into the blood?

  1. AJunction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins
  2. BInferior vena cava at the level of the kidneys
  3. CJunction of the right subclavian and right internal jugular veins
  4. DRight atrium directly
3.Human physiologyMedium

Which hormonal event triggers ovulation?

  1. AA surge of luteinising hormone (LH)
  2. BA rise in progesterone from the corpus luteum
  3. CA fall in oestrogen
  4. DA surge of prolactin
4.Human physiologyHard

Which substance's clearance is used as the gold standard to measure glomerular filtration rate?

  1. AUrea
  2. BInulin
  3. CCreatinine
  4. DGlucose

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Pylorus

Why this is the answer

The pylorus is the distal stomach. Its pyloric sphincter regulates the passage of chyme into the duodenum.

Answer

B · Pylorus
2.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins

Why this is the answer

The thoracic duct drains lymph from both legs, the abdomen and the left side of the upper body into the left venous angle. The right lymphatic duct drains the rest into the right venous angle.

Answer

A · Junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · A surge of luteinising hormone (LH)

Why this is the answer

Rising oestrogen from the dominant follicle triggers an LH surge from the anterior pituitary, which causes ovulation about a day later.

Answer

A · A surge of luteinising hormone (LH)
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · Inulin

Why this is the answer

Inulin is filtered freely and is not reabsorbed or secreted, so its clearance equals GFR exactly. Creatinine is slightly secreted, so it overestimates GFR a little.

Answer

B · Inulin

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