Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

The sympathetic nervous system leaves the central nervous system from which spinal segments?

  1. ASacral only (S2–S4)
  2. BCranial and sacral
  3. CCervical only
  4. DThoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
2.Human anatomyHard

A large central disc prolapse at L4–L5 causes saddle anaesthesia, urinary retention and bilateral leg weakness. Which structure is compressed?

  1. ASciatic nerve in the buttock
  2. BThoracic spinal cord
  3. CFemoral nerve
  4. DCauda equina
3.Human physiologyMedium

Which protein forms the mesh that stabilises a blood clot?

  1. ACollagen
  2. BThrombin
  3. CFibrin
  4. DAlbumin
4.Human physiologyHard

Which combination of signs is expected in a patient in early hypovolaemic shock after major bleeding?

  1. ATachycardia, warm flushed skin and high urine output
  2. BTachycardia, cool pale skin and reduced urine output
  3. CBradycardia, warm flushed skin and high urine output
  4. DBradycardia, cool pale skin and high urine output

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Thoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)

Why this is the answer

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons lie in the lateral horn from T1 to L2. The parasympathetic system has a craniosacral outflow.

Answer

D · Thoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Cauda equina

Why this is the answer

Below L1–L2 the canal holds the cauda equina. Central compression of these lumbar and sacral roots causes cauda equina syndrome, a surgical emergency.

Answer

D · Cauda equina
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · Fibrin

Why this is the answer

Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands, which bind the platelet plug and trap red cells to form a stable clot.

Answer

C · Fibrin
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · Tachycardia, cool pale skin and reduced urine output

Why this is the answer

Baroreceptor-driven sympathetic activation raises heart rate and constricts skin vessels. Reduced renal perfusion, ADH and aldosterone lower urine output.

Answer

B · Tachycardia, cool pale skin and reduced urine output

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